{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225776993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","title":"Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Refugee Exposure to Organized Criminal Networks in Urban Kenya: Evidence from Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi City County - Kenya","display_name":"Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Refugee Exposure to Organized Criminal Networks in Urban Kenya: Evidence from Starehe Sub-County, Nairobi City County - Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225776993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24125390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013976826","display_name":"Ignatius Kiema Mulyungi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165634","display_name":"Africa Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/05twfp995","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165634"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mulyungi, Ignatius Kiema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Africa Nazarene University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Africa Nazarene University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036523978","display_name":"Simon Muthomi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165634","display_name":"Africa Nazarene University","ror":"https://ror.org/05twfp995","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165634"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muthomi, Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Africa Nazarene University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Africa Nazarene University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165634"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017925517","display_name":"Wilkins Ndege Muhingi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-9371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8401-9371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26805570","display_name":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015h5sy57","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhingi, Wilkins Ndege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26805570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.9028000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14226","display_name":"Migration, Racism, and Human Rights","score":0.04690000042319298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173145845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131572","display_name":"Refugee","level":2,"score":0.739300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6593000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776743756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097921","display_name":"Safeguarding","level":2,"score":0.5516999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4474000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779501324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581445","display_name":"Social vulnerability","level":3,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142546437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2661195","display_name":"Descriptive research","level":2,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42298096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomic development","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24125390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24125391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125391","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24125390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24125390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0,207],"refugees":[1],"often":[2],"navigate":[3],"precarious":[4],"livelihoods,":[5],"constrained":[6],"employment":[7],"opportunities,":[8,186],"limited":[9,175],"access":[10,176],"to":[11,21,177,195,198],"finance,":[12],"documentation":[13],"challenges,":[14],"and":[15,60,66,79,110,135,161,174,191],"social":[16,189],"exclusion,":[17],"potentially":[18],"increasing":[19],"vulnerability":[20,197],"illicit":[22],"networks.":[23],"This":[24],"study":[25,73,91,181],"examined":[26,44],"the":[27,45,62,100,103],"socioeconomic":[28,54],"factors":[29,55],"associated":[30,56],"with":[31,57],"refugee":[32,203],"involvement":[33,153],"in":[34,37,76,137,154],"organized":[35,48],"crime":[36,49],"Starehe":[38],"Sub-County,":[39],"Nairobi,":[40],"Kenya.":[41],"Specifically,":[42],"it":[43],"nature":[46],"of":[47,64,102,105,118],"involving":[50],"urban":[51],"refugees,":[52,109],"assessed":[53],"such":[58],"involvement,":[59],"evaluated":[61],"adequacy":[63],"legal":[65],"policy":[67],"provisions":[68],"for":[69],"addressing":[70],"it.":[71],"The":[72,90,180],"was":[74,88],"anchored":[75],"securitization":[77],"theory":[78],"informed":[80],"by":[81,123],"constructivist":[82],"theory.":[83],"A":[84,116],"descriptive":[85,142],"survey":[86],"design":[87],"adopted.":[89],"population":[92],"comprised":[93],"235":[94],"police":[95],"officers,":[96],"two":[97,111],"officers":[98],"from":[99],"Office":[101],"Director":[104],"Public":[106],"Prosecutions,":[107],"520":[108],"National":[112],"Government":[113],"Administration":[114],"officers.":[115],"sample":[117],"138":[119],"respondents":[120],"participated,":[121],"complemented":[122],"six":[124],"key":[125],"informant":[126],"interviews.":[127],"Quantitative":[128],"data":[129,146],"were":[130,147],"collected":[131],"using":[132,141],"self-administered":[133],"questionnaires":[134],"analysed":[136,148],"SPSS":[138],"Version":[139],"25":[140],"statistics,":[143],"while":[144,201],"qualitative":[145],"thematically.":[149],"Findings":[150],"indicated":[151],"reported":[152],"human":[155],"trafficking":[156],"(89%),":[157],"small-arms":[158],"sales":[159],"(78%),":[160],"technology-related":[162],"crimes":[163],"(60%).":[164],"Refugees":[165],"also":[166],"experienced":[167],"inadequate":[168],"income,":[169],"restricted":[170],"movement,":[171],"insecurity,":[172],"congestion,":[173],"basic":[178],"services.":[179],"recommends":[182],"strengthening":[183],"documentation,":[184],"livelihood":[185],"financial":[187],"inclusion,":[188],"protection,":[190],"coordinated":[192],"justice":[193],"responses":[194],"reduce":[196],"criminal":[199],"networks":[200],"safeguarding":[202],"rights.":[204],"Key":[205],"words:":[206],"refugees;":[208],"Organized":[209],"Crime;":[210],"Socioeconomic":[211],"Vulnerability;":[212],"Refugee":[213],"livelihoods":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}