{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225776392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","title":"Dry eye disease beyond tear deficiency: inflammation, biomarkers, genetics and precision medicine","display_name":"Dry eye disease beyond tear deficiency: inflammation, biomarkers, genetics and precision medicine","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225776392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161478000","display_name":"Leenah Alaalm","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098844","display_name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhbg82","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leenah Alaalm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070024060","display_name":"Angeli Christy Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-3942","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-3942"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","display_name":"University of Ferrara","ror":"https://ror.org/041zkgm14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angeli Christy Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085308198","display_name":"Elisabetta Melloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-0824","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-0824"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201324441","display_name":"University of Ferrara","ror":"https://ror.org/041zkgm14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elisabetta Melloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara","LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043662372","display_name":"Giorgio Zauli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-8698","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3750-8698"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098844","display_name":"King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zrhbg82","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Zauli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital and Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098844"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085308198"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201324441"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11521","display_name":"Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10920","display_name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3003","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.755299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.703499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6988000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164027704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491837","display_name":"Proinflammatory cytokine","level":3,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.37610000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020646490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203551","display_name":"Clinical phenotype","level":4,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778690821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212354","display_name":"Cytokine","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280027","display_name":"Uveitis","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781230642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492646","display_name":"Targeted therapy","level":3,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50965678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724302","display_name":"Abnormality","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136449434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253","display_name":"Innate immune system","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986805488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23797","display_name":"Contact lens","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780673598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285223","display_name":"Genetic testing","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1943129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597052008","display_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","issn_l":"2296-858X","issn":["2296-858X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032865064","https://openalex.org/W2073200435","https://openalex.org/W2074454008","https://openalex.org/W2169772679","https://openalex.org/W2560343879","https://openalex.org/W2604355945","https://openalex.org/W2737439597","https://openalex.org/W2737787547","https://openalex.org/W2739359388","https://openalex.org/W2761118372","https://openalex.org/W2781473938","https://openalex.org/W2791678888","https://openalex.org/W2914289588","https://openalex.org/W2940458991","https://openalex.org/W3012365685","https://openalex.org/W3091932707","https://openalex.org/W4213235418","https://openalex.org/W4281259745","https://openalex.org/W4293676830","https://openalex.org/W4310020387","https://openalex.org/W4321459513","https://openalex.org/W4362691816","https://openalex.org/W4362692290","https://openalex.org/W4382011557","https://openalex.org/W4382776010","https://openalex.org/W4385567889","https://openalex.org/W4391137528","https://openalex.org/W4391540785","https://openalex.org/W4393229684","https://openalex.org/W4398134284","https://openalex.org/W4401317909","https://openalex.org/W4401394288","https://openalex.org/W4401447800","https://openalex.org/W4402528881","https://openalex.org/W4402976606","https://openalex.org/W4404894681","https://openalex.org/W4405950221","https://openalex.org/W4408196784","https://openalex.org/W4410954137","https://openalex.org/W4410983499","https://openalex.org/W4412509866","https://openalex.org/W4412556588","https://openalex.org/W4412736274","https://openalex.org/W4413994166","https://openalex.org/W4415421790","https://openalex.org/W7084091170","https://openalex.org/W7116709509","https://openalex.org/W7118368794","https://openalex.org/W7127176664","https://openalex.org/W7135178172"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dry":[0],"eye":[1],"disease":[2,48,121,142,178],"(DED)":[3],"is":[4,12,40,187,229],"a":[5,32,44],"prevalent":[6],"multifactorial":[7],"ocular":[8,124],"surface":[9],"disorder":[10],"that":[11,94],"associated":[13],"with":[14,61],"instability":[15],"of":[16,24,30,35,69,80,84,96,101,107,120,122,204,214],"the":[17,25,72,81,108,123,165,212],"tear":[18,37,131],"film,":[19],"hyperosmolarity,":[20],"inflammation,":[21],"and":[22,46,67,90,105,118,135,146,161,171,197,218,242],"abnormality":[23],"neurosensory":[26],"epithelium.":[27],"Previously":[28],"thought":[29],"as":[31,43,138,195],"passive":[33],"outcome":[34],"poor":[36],"production,":[38],"DED":[39,205],"now":[41],"recognized":[42],"complex":[45],"heterogenous":[47],"involving":[49],"multiple":[50],"interacting":[51],"pathophysiological":[52],"mechanisms.":[53],"Inflammation":[54],"plays":[55],"an":[56],"important":[57],"role":[58],"in":[59,191],"DED,":[60],"significant":[62],"implications":[63],"on":[64,158,183,211],"visual":[65],"performance":[66],"quality":[68],"life":[70],"across":[71],"globe.":[73],"Recent":[74,156],"advances":[75],"have":[76,129,163],"improved":[77],"our":[78],"understanding":[79],"molecular":[82],"pathogenesis":[83],"DED.":[85],"Tear":[86],"hyperosmolarity":[87],"triggers":[88],"innate":[89],"adaptive":[91],"immune":[92],"responses":[93],"consist":[95],"proinflammatory":[97],"cytokine":[98],"release,":[99],"activation":[100],"matrix":[102],"metalloproteinases,":[103],"inflammasome,":[104],"involvement":[106],"ICAM-1/LFA-1":[109],"signaling":[110],"pathway.":[111],"These":[112],"mechanisms":[113],"lead":[114],"to":[115,221,231],"chronic":[116],"inflammation":[117],"progression":[119],"surface.":[125],"Simultaneously,":[126],"biomarker":[127],"studies":[128,157],"identified":[130],"cytokines,":[132],"inflammatory":[133],"mediators,":[134],"multi-marker":[136],"panels":[137],"potential":[139],"tools":[140],"for":[141],"diagnosis,":[143,239],"patient":[144,244],"stratification":[145],"treatment":[147,185,240],"monitoring,":[148],"although":[149],"their":[150],"clinical":[151,219,227],"utility":[152],"requires":[153],"further":[154,175,226],"validation.":[155],"systems":[159],"biology":[160],"multi-omics":[162],"highlighted":[164],"intricate":[166],"interactions":[167],"between":[168],"genetic,":[169],"molecular,":[170],"environmental":[172],"factors,":[173],"providing":[174],"insight":[176],"into":[177],"heterogeneity.":[179],"The":[180,202],"growing":[181],"focus":[182],"mechanism-based":[184],"methods":[186],"aided":[188],"by":[189],"developments":[190],"targeted":[192],"therapies,":[193],"such":[194],"immunomodulators":[196],"new":[198],"drug":[199],"delivery":[200],"systems.":[201],"future":[203],"management":[206],"will":[207],"potentially":[208],"be":[209],"based":[210],"analysis":[213],"biomarkers,":[215],"genomic":[216],"data,":[217],"phenotypes":[220],"support":[222],"precision":[223],"medicine.":[224],"However,":[225],"validation":[228],"needed":[230],"establish":[232],"whether":[233],"these":[234],"approaches":[235],"can":[236],"improve":[237],"individualized":[238],"selection,":[241],"long-term":[243],"outcomes.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}