{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225776204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","title":"AI-assisted immunohistochemistry algorithm for enriching HER2-amplified cases among equivocal (2+) breast cancers: a two-cohort proof-of-concept study","display_name":"AI-assisted immunohistochemistry algorithm for enriching HER2-amplified cases among equivocal (2+) breast cancers: a two-cohort proof-of-concept study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225776204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050760574","display_name":"Mateusz Maniewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-0135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-0135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148386","display_name":"Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz","ror":"https://ror.org/04c5jwj47","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210148386"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mateusz Maniewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, 85-168, Poland","Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5713-0135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, 85-168, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210148386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083835741","display_name":"J\u0119drzej Borowczak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-3285","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-3285"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300393620","display_name":"Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049eq0c58","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u0119drzej Borowczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2 , 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-3285","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Department of Oncology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2 , 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061770536","display_name":"Justyna Dur\u015blewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7301-5324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7301-5324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300393620","display_name":"Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049eq0c58","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justyna Dur\u015blewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7301-5324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002244595","display_name":"Hanna Andrusewicz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300393620","display_name":"Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049eq0c58","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanna Andrusewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2252-678X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033008888","display_name":"Jakub Dzier\u017cawski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Dzier\u017cawski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1419-3417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077169973","display_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Starzy\u0144ski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaros\u0142aw Starzy\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-1630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161494722","display_name":"Pamela Chudzi\u0144ska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8354-0567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8354-0567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4402554138","display_name":"Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2 in Bydgoszcz","ror":"https://ror.org/05r81yb60","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210148386","https://openalex.org/I4402554138"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pamela Chudzi\u0144ska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Pathology, Dr Jan Biziel Memorial University Hospital, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85- 168, Bydgoszcz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8354-0567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Pathology, Dr Jan Biziel Memorial University Hospital, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85- 168, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4402554138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073149768","display_name":"Adam Kowalewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2504-6307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2504-6307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300393620","display_name":"Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049eq0c58","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Kowalewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2504-6307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Aleje Prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, Bydgoszcz, 85-796, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300393620"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055740943","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Szylberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-5906","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-5906"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019271933","display_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University","ror":"https://ror.org/0102mm775","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137953","display_name":"Centrum Onkologii","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzf8p77","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148386","display_name":"Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz","ror":"https://ror.org/04c5jwj47","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210148386"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Szylberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, 85-168, Poland","Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1349-5906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, 85-168, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210148386"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, ul. dr Izabeli Romanowskiej 2, 85-796, Bydgoszcz, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050760574"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019271933","https://openalex.org/I4210137953","https://openalex.org/I4210148386"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10755","display_name":"HER2/EGFR in Cancer Research","score":0.11110000312328339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8819000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780140570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545481","display_name":"Surgical oncology","level":2,"score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5590999722480774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5185999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.49720001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837512","display_name":"Differential diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29456083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221899","display_name":"Gynecology","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777542201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336182","display_name":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization","level":4,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17198-2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"HER2":[2,57,61,73,112,120,247],"assessment":[3,273],"is":[4],"a":[5,49,82,96,125,192,218],"fundamental":[6],"step":[7],"in":[8,30,79,165],"breast":[9,66],"cancer":[10],"diagnosis":[11],"and":[12,42,92,95,148,155,196,222,277],"treatment":[13],"decision-making.":[14],"Immunohistochemistry":[15],"(IHC)":[16],"remains":[17],"the":[18,71,116,153,175,188,201,261],"primary":[19,108,189],"screening":[20],"method;":[21],"however,":[22],"cases":[23,54,89,103,169,181,209,251],"scored":[24],"as":[25,115,182,211],"equivocal":[26,250],"(2+)":[27],"require":[28],"confirmatory":[29],"situ":[31],"hybridization":[32],"(ISH).":[33],"This":[34],"reflex":[35],"testing":[36],"prolongs":[37],"turnaround":[38],"time,":[39],"increases":[40],"costs,":[41],"consumes":[43],"additional":[44],"laboratory":[45],"resources,":[46],"while":[47],"only":[48,207,237],"minority":[50],"of":[51,87,101,194,198,220,224],"2":[52,63,135,215],"+":[53,64,114,122,136,231],"ultimately":[55],"show":[56],"amplification.":[58],"Methods":[59],"Pathologist-assigned":[60],"IHC":[62,243],"invasive":[65],"cancers":[67],"were":[68,162],"re-scored":[69,179,206],"by":[70,265],"uPath":[72,111,160,178,205],"(4B5)":[74],"algorithm,":[75],"blinded":[76],"to":[77,131,259,285],"ISH,":[78],"two":[80],"cohorts:":[81],"retrospective":[83],"enriched":[84,245],"discovery":[85,176],"cohort":[86,100],"100":[88],"(50":[90],"ISH-amplified":[91,166],"50":[93],"non-amplified)":[94],"consecutive,":[97],"routine-practice":[98],"validation":[99,203,281],"47":[102],"reflecting":[104],"real-world":[105],"prevalence.":[106],"The":[107],"analysis":[109,128,190,229],"used":[110],"3":[113],"algorithm-positive":[117],"threshold":[118],"(uPath":[119],"1+/2":[121],"=":[123],"non-positive);":[124],"secondary,":[126,227],"exploratory":[127,228],"was":[129,140,254],"restricted":[130],"non-equivocal":[132],"outputs":[133],"(HER2":[134],"excluded).":[137],"Diagnostic":[138],"performance":[139],"reported":[141],"with":[142,274],"exact":[143],"(Clopper\u2013Pearson)":[144],"95%":[145],"confidence":[146],"intervals":[147],"complete":[149],"confusion":[150],"matrices,":[151],"following":[152],"STARD":[154],"CLAIM":[156],"reporting":[157],"guidelines.":[158],"Results":[159],"scores":[161],"significantly":[163],"higher":[164],"than":[167],"non-amplified":[168],"(":[170],"p":[171],"<":[172],"0.0001).":[173],"In":[174,200],"cohort,":[177,204],"45/100":[180],"3+":[183,212],"(35":[184],"amplified,":[185,214],"10":[186],"non-amplified);":[187],"yielded":[191],"sensitivity":[193,219,235],"70.0%":[195],"specificity":[197,223],"80.0%.":[199],"consecutive":[202],"4/47":[208],"(8.5%)":[210],"(2":[213,230],"non-amplified),":[216],"for":[217,246,263],"25.0%":[221],"94.9%.":[225],"A":[226],"excluded)":[232],"reached":[233],"100%":[234],"but":[236,252],"9%":[238],"specificity.":[239],"Conclusions":[240],"An":[241],"off-the-shelf":[242],"algorithm":[244],"amplification":[248],"among":[249],"it":[253],"still":[255],"not":[256],"reliable":[257],"enough":[258],"eliminate":[260],"need":[262],"confirmation":[264],"ISH.":[266],"These":[267],"proof-of-concept":[268],"findings":[269],"support":[270],"combining":[271],"pathologist":[272],"purpose-trained":[275],"AI":[276],"warrant":[278],"prospective,":[279],"multicenter":[280],"before":[282],"any":[283],"change":[284],"clinical":[286],"workflow.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}