{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225776017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","title":"Employment Recovery Without Workforce Upgrading Post Pandemic Restructuring in Greek Tourism Enterprises","display_name":"Employment Recovery Without Workforce Upgrading Post Pandemic Restructuring in Greek Tourism Enterprises","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225776017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies14110538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005014281","display_name":"Georgios Giotis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-2829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-2829"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Giotis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Teaching Personnel, Department of Tourism, Ionian University, 49132 Corfu, Greece","Laboratory for Research and Comparative Analysis of National Tourism Policies (C\u03bfRNaT\u03bfP LAB), Department of Tourism, Ionian University, 49132 Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-2829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Teaching Personnel, Department of Tourism, Ionian University, 49132 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Research and Comparative Analysis of National Tourism Policies (C\u03bfRNaT\u03bfP LAB), Department of Tourism, Ionian University, 49132 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005014281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"538","last_page":"538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.4675000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.4675000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12584","display_name":"Hospitality and Tourism Education","score":0.3118000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1409","display_name":"Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.052000001072883606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777512617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783605","display_name":"Staffing","level":2,"score":0.7778000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.6381000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.388700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779268580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3447087","display_name":"Allowance (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779968149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034851","display_name":"Workforce development","level":3,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157660682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419793","display_name":"Accommodation","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019921246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104853310","display_name":"Differential effects","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777216955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351911","display_name":"International comparisons","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies14110538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/economies14110538","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14110538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737296559","display_name":"Economies","issn_l":"2227-7099","issn":["2227-7099"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584886768","https://openalex.org/W1965707289","https://openalex.org/W1969016748","https://openalex.org/W1970898882","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W1999285375","https://openalex.org/W2004154331","https://openalex.org/W2030779929","https://openalex.org/W2049350168","https://openalex.org/W2100308678","https://openalex.org/W2897147728","https://openalex.org/W3042149128","https://openalex.org/W3122896559","https://openalex.org/W3123419311","https://openalex.org/W3123445343","https://openalex.org/W4303182680"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"examines":[2],"whether":[3],"employment":[4,159,193],"recovery":[5,194],"in":[6,13,90,126,166],"Greek":[7],"tourism":[8,44],"was":[9],"accompanied":[10],"by":[11,65,71,77,83,118],"changes":[12],"formal":[14,69,127,167],"training":[15,70,128,168,196],"provision":[16],"and":[17,28,37,58,74,197],"staffing":[18,199],"practices.":[19,200],"It":[20],"uses":[21],"1200":[22],"establishment":[23,54],"observations":[24],"from":[25],"the":[26,96,174,189],"2018":[27],"2023":[29],"World":[30],"Bank":[31],"Enterprise":[32],"Surveys,":[33],"including":[34],"192":[35],"accommodation":[36],"food-service":[38],"establishments.":[39],"Survey-weighted":[40],"interaction":[41],"models":[42],"compare":[43],"with":[45,80,99,133],"other":[46,115],"covered":[47,116],"sectors,":[48],"controlling":[49],"for":[50],"sampling":[51],"size,":[52],"region,":[53],"age,":[55],"ownership,":[56],"exporting,":[57],"management":[59],"characteristics.":[60],"Permanent-employment":[61],"growth":[62,92,160],"is":[63,93,129,152],"estimated":[64],"weighted":[66],"least":[67],"squares,":[68],"binary":[72],"logit,":[73,79],"workforce":[75,178],"shares":[76],"fractional":[78],"inference":[81],"clustered":[82],"linked":[84],"establishment.":[85],"The":[86,122,155,186],"adjusted":[87,109,123],"differential":[88,150],"change":[89,125,151],"permanent-employment":[91],"0.234":[94],"on":[95],"symmetric-growth":[97],"scale,":[98],"a":[100,134,182],"95%":[101],"confidence":[102,136],"interval":[103,137],"of":[104,114,138,176,191],"0.056\u20130.413.":[105],"In":[106],"2023,":[107],"tourism\u2019s":[108],"temporary-employment":[110],"intensity":[111,144],"exceeds":[112],"that":[113],"sectors":[117],"18.90":[119],"percentage":[120,131],"points.":[121],"within-tourism":[124],"\u22121.87":[130],"points,":[132],"wide":[135],"\u221218.05":[139],"to":[140],"14.31.":[141],"Annual":[142],"labour-cost":[143],"increases":[145],"within":[146],"tourism,":[147],"but":[148],"its":[149],"imprecisely":[153],"estimated.":[154],"findings":[156],"identify":[157,181],"stronger":[158],"alongside":[161,195],"no":[162],"statistically":[163],"detectable":[164],"increase":[165],"provision.":[169],"They":[170],"do":[171],"not":[172],"establish":[173],"absence":[175],"broader":[177],"upgrading":[179],"or":[180],"causal":[183],"pandemic":[184],"effect.":[185],"study":[187],"highlights":[188],"importance":[190],"assessing":[192],"seasonal":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}