{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225775161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car","title":"No humans-in-the-loop: The people-less stories generated by GPT","display_name":"No humans-in-the-loop: The people-less stories generated by GPT","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225775161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1075/ni.25153.car","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149534432","display_name":"Narrative Inquiry","issn_l":"1387-6740","issn":["1387-6740","1569-9935"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320402","host_organization_name":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320402"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["John Benjamins Publishing Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Narrative Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072175943","display_name":"Claudia Carroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-9106","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-9106"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Carroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-9106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037763518","display_name":"Gabi Kirilloff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2696-1419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2696-1419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabi Kirilloff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2696-1419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12461","display_name":"Narrative Theory and Analysis","score":0.8583999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12461","display_name":"Narrative Theory and Analysis","score":0.8583999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14036","display_name":"Literary and Philosophical Studies","score":0.061400000005960464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.9243000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.7458000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53811970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062194","display_name":"Centrality","level":2,"score":0.6689000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.49729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63985673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6966216","display_name":"Narrative network","level":5,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62291451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762471","display_name":"Rhetorical device","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78015137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847829","display_name":"Narrative structure","level":3,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12772571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1965350","display_name":"Narrative criticism","level":4,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117893075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6966213","display_name":"Narrative inquiry","level":3,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1075/ni.25153.car","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.25153.car","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S149534432","display_name":"Narrative Inquiry","issn_l":"1387-6740","issn":["1387-6740","1569-9935"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320402","host_organization_name":"John Benjamins Publishing Company","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320402"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["John Benjamins Publishing Company"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Narrative Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514681518","https://openalex.org/W1972735198","https://openalex.org/W2095881835","https://openalex.org/W2111565269","https://openalex.org/W2116068692","https://openalex.org/W2786709099","https://openalex.org/W2786917897","https://openalex.org/W2941875047","https://openalex.org/W3003974834","https://openalex.org/W3168771811","https://openalex.org/W3212688143","https://openalex.org/W4206705893","https://openalex.org/W4238054515","https://openalex.org/W4248101105","https://openalex.org/W4250275231","https://openalex.org/W4291320146","https://openalex.org/W4299710263","https://openalex.org/W4319779069","https://openalex.org/W4385571220","https://openalex.org/W4386906422","https://openalex.org/W4404347568","https://openalex.org/W4404781077","https://openalex.org/W4406863006","https://openalex.org/W4411120250","https://openalex.org/W4412977348","https://openalex.org/W4413322025","https://openalex.org/W4416810328","https://openalex.org/W6892091127"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,25,127],"the":[2,53,70,78,129,139,151,154,162],"last":[3],"two":[4],"years,":[5],"numerous":[6],"news":[7],"outlets":[8],"and":[9,77,86,103,117,160],"academic":[10],"articles":[11],"have":[12],"claimed":[13],"that":[14,30,58,91],"GPT-produced":[15],"text":[16,21,105],"is":[17],"indistinguishable":[18],"from":[19],"human-written":[20,102],"across":[22],"several":[23],"genres.":[24],"this":[26],"essay,":[27],"we":[28,59,134],"argue":[29,90],"not":[31,35],"only":[32],"does":[33],"GPT":[34,107],"write":[36,47],"fictional":[37],"narratives":[38,133],"like":[39],"a":[40,97,114],"human,":[41],"it":[42],"also":[43],"often":[44,122],"fails":[45],"to":[46,96,137],"about":[48],"humans.":[49],"We":[50,89],"demonstrate":[51],"how":[52],"distribution":[54],"of":[55,67,72,131,143,153],"stylistic":[56],"features":[57],"can":[60,81],"use":[61],"as":[62],"proxies":[63],"for":[64],"key":[65],"elements":[66],"narrative,":[68],"including":[69],"frequency":[71],"named":[73],"entities,":[74],"dialogue,":[75],"pronouns":[76],"second":[79],"person,":[80],"reliably":[82],"distinguish":[83],"between":[84,101],"human":[85,155],"GPT-generated":[87,104,132],"text.":[88],"these":[92],"textual":[93],"markers":[94],"point":[95],"deeper":[98],"conceptual":[99],"difference":[100],"\u2014":[106],"texts":[108],"contain":[109],"few":[110],"characters,":[111],"rarely":[112],"feature":[113],"characterized":[115],"narrator,":[116],"describe":[118],"inanimate":[119],"objects":[120],"more":[121],"than":[123],"people":[124],"or":[125],"characters.":[126],"sum,":[128],"thousands":[130],"analyzed":[135],"struggled":[136],"meet":[138],"commonly":[140],"accepted":[141],"definition":[142],"narrative":[144,147,158,169],"in":[145,157,167],"contemporary":[146],"theory,":[148],"which":[149,168],"emphasizes":[150],"centrality":[152],"experience":[156],"representation,":[159],"encompasses":[161],"broader":[163],"rhetorical":[164],"communication":[165],"circuit":[166],"takes":[170],"place.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}
