{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225769588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","title":"Mechanistic insights into remediation of low concentration of Cr(VI) using algal biochar-derived activated carbon","display_name":"Mechanistic insights into remediation of low concentration of Cr(VI) using algal biochar-derived activated carbon","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225769588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764931087","display_name":"Applied Water Science","issn_l":"2190-5495","issn":["2190-5495","2190-5487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070824561","display_name":"Jawad Gul","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Gul","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069263294","display_name":"Asif Hussain Khoja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9006-3456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9006-3456"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asif Hussain Khoja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Environmental and Water Solutions (CEWS), Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, 31952, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9006-3456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Environmental and Water Solutions (CEWS), Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, 31952, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048263195","display_name":"Neha Kaushal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-5387","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-5387"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63135867","display_name":"University of Cincinnati","ror":"https://ror.org/01e3m7079","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha Kaushal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63135867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018943133","display_name":"Salman Raza Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-181X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-181X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43968019","display_name":"Karlstad University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s754026","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salman Raza Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43968019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082863441","display_name":"Muhammad Nouman Aslam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-221X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-221X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nouman Aslam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161480921","display_name":"Abdul Ahad Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Ahad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081357283","display_name":"Israf Ud Din","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-7100","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4021-7100"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Israf Ud Din","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chemistry Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chemistry Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Alkharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079139593","display_name":"Abdulaziz Al\u2010Anazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-1572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4479-1572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Al-Anazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P. O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P. O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037475526","display_name":"Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-4436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4800-4436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069263294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12078","display_name":"Environmental remediation with nanomaterials","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11972","display_name":"Chromium effects and bioremediation","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.8604000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7455000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112825004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1924292","display_name":"Freundlich equation","level":3,"score":0.7131999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511782168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725","display_name":"Chromium","level":2,"score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.6873999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.6550999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56085101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905495","display_name":"Biochar","level":3,"score":0.6394000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.6316999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779647737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190878","display_name":"Activated carbon","level":3,"score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115958267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464196","display_name":"Langmuir","level":3,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.489300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781468121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660666","display_name":"Hexavalent chromium","level":3,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12143843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6486358","display_name":"Langmuir adsorption model","level":3,"score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88536862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236022","display_name":"Powdered activated carbon treatment","level":4,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776865271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18351432","display_name":"Industrial and production engineering","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777899863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4428995","display_name":"Sorbent","level":3,"score":0.3727000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190960625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719","display_name":"Water treatment","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992865130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Contaminated water","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107211472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284486","display_name":"Human decontamination","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777730692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815353","display_name":"Activated sludge","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37992848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611037","display_name":"Groundwater remediation","level":4,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764931087","display_name":"Applied Water Science","issn_l":"2190-5495","issn":["2190-5495","2190-5487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-026-03010-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764931087","display_name":"Applied Water Science","issn_l":"2190-5495","issn":["2190-5495","2190-5487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Water Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chromium":[0],"(Cr":[1],"(VI))":[2],"is":[3,193],"one":[4],"of":[5,41,82,97,127,136,170,191,203,213,220],"the":[6,88,94,107,159,163,189,196,201,204,211,217],"highly":[7],"persistent,":[8],"carcinogenic,":[9],"non-biodegradable":[10],"heavy":[11],"metals":[12],"with":[13,38,75],"excessive":[14],"mobility.":[15],"Efficient":[16],"and":[17,26,32,72,106,120,129,142,162,178],"sustainable":[18],"methods":[19],"for":[20,180,210,216],"Cr":[21,42,83,98,123,155,222],"(VI)":[22,43,99,124,156,223],"removal":[23,125,219],"from":[24,69,101,111],"water":[25],"wastewater":[27],"bodies":[28],"are":[29,50],"being":[30],"developed":[31],"in":[33],"great":[34],"demand.":[35],"However,":[36],"effluents":[37],"lower":[39],"concentrations":[40,96],"such":[44,92],"as":[45,66,93,182],"<":[46],"10":[47,104,112],"\u00b5g/mL":[48],"which":[49],"still":[51],"toxicologically":[52],"hazardous":[53],"required":[54],"urgent":[55],"solutions.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"study,":[59],"we":[60],"have":[61],"successfully":[62],"synthesized":[63],"biochar":[64],"(BC)":[65],"an":[67,133],"adsorbent":[68,160],"Chlorophyceae":[70],"algae":[71],"activated":[73],"it":[74],"KOH":[76],"(KOH-AC)":[77],"to":[78,103,113,152,174],"treat":[79],"low":[80],"levels":[81],"(VI).":[84],"The":[85,166],"study":[86],"examined":[87],"crucial":[89],"influencing":[90],"factors,":[91],"starting":[95],"ranging":[100],"1":[102],"ppm,":[105],"contact":[108],"time":[109],"varying":[110],"120":[114],"min.":[115],"Results":[116],"showed":[117],"that":[118,179,188],"BC":[119,171],"KOH-AC":[121,181],"achieved":[122],"efficiencies":[126],"97.37%":[128],"99.44%,":[130],"respectively,":[131],"at":[132],"initial":[134],"concentration":[135,202],"1.0":[137],"ppm.":[138],"Freundlich":[139],"adsorption":[140,168,192,197],"isotherm":[141],"pseudo-second-order":[143],"kinetic":[144],"model":[145],"(R":[146],"2":[147],"=":[148],"0.999)":[149],"well":[150],"fitted":[151],"describe":[153],"maximum":[154],"uptake":[157],"onto":[158],"material":[161],"equilibrium":[164],"time.":[165],"Langmuir":[167],"capacity":[169,198],"was":[172],"analyzed":[173],"be":[175],"25.32":[176],"mg/g":[177],"7.24":[183],"mg/g.":[184],"Findings":[185],"provide":[186],"evidence":[187],"rate":[190],"influenced":[194],"by":[195],"rather":[199],"than":[200],"adsorbate.":[205],"These":[206],"results":[207],"set":[208],"basis":[209],"development":[212],"algae-derived":[214],"AC":[215],"efficient":[218],"low-concentrated":[221],"effluents.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-11-12T00:00:00"}