{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225762029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","title":"Seeing the Pedestrian in Time: A Detection-Distance Model and a Lighting Specification for Night Crossings","display_name":"Seeing the Pedestrian in Time: A Detection-Distance Model and a Lighting Specification for Night Crossings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225762029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159396451","display_name":"William Alexander Aldred","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldred, William Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159396451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13527","display_name":"Road Transport and Highway Systems","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7439000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777884842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869713","display_name":"Headlamp","level":2,"score":0.6728000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777819797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8010","display_name":"Pedestrian crossing","level":3,"score":0.6442000269889832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194130854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529438","display_name":"GLARE","level":3,"score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36230000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151011524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11573","display_name":"Metre","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36365805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194411","display_name":"Illuminance","level":2,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780156472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2355550","display_name":"Pedestrian detection","level":3,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108597893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663650","display_name":"Reflectivity","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077350","display_name":"Speed limit","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5442977","display_name":"Fence (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24109899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24109898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24109898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"pedestrian":[1,22,39,92],"deaths":[2],"in":[3,7,85,93,292],"road":[4,53,84],"traffic":[5],"occur":[6],"darkness,":[8],"and":[9,45,63,74,113,161,267,324],"at":[10,100,108,114,120,127,138,158,168,186,206,213,234,250,279,289,302],"a":[11,34,67,70,78,82,91,156,200,217],"crossing":[12,185,218],"the":[13,18,21,26,49,52,56,115,123,184,220,259,283,307,333,343],"binding":[14],"question":[15],"is":[16,98,130,166,257,299],"whether":[17],"driver":[19,72],"detects":[20],"farther":[23],"away":[24],"than":[25],"vehicle":[27],"needs":[28],"to":[29,141,199,224,276],"stop.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32],"builds":[33],"stated-input":[35],"detection-distance":[36],"model":[37],"-":[38,73],"luminance":[40,50,62],"from":[41,219,273,342],"vertical":[42,111,210],"illuminance,":[43,112],"spectrum":[44],"clothing":[46,95,254,330],"reflectance,":[47],"against":[48,66],"of":[51,183,202,240,262,294,313],"background":[54,197],"beyond":[55],"crossing,":[57],"reduced":[58],"by":[59],"glare":[60,135],"veiling":[61],"atmospheric":[64],"extinction,":[65],"threshold":[68],"for":[69,243,264],"65-year-old":[71],"converts":[75],"it":[76],"into":[77],"lighting":[79,319],"specification.":[80],"On":[81],"dry":[83],"clear":[86],"air":[87],"with":[88],"no":[89],"glare,":[90],"dark":[94,244],"(reflectance":[96,255],"0.08)":[97],"detected":[99],"72":[101],"m":[102,107,117,151,181,188,275,278,296,301],"on":[103,191],"headlights":[104],"alone,":[105],"103":[106],"10":[109,139,221],"lux":[110,140,149,163,209,212,222],"150":[116],"scan":[118],"limit":[119],"30":[121,148,208,308],"lux;":[122],"wet":[124,286,310],"stopping":[125,146,172,287,311],"distance":[126,173,242,288,312],"50":[128,159,162,280,284],"km/h":[129,170,285,309],"55.9":[131],"m.":[132,315],"Oncoming":[133],"LED":[134,153],"cuts":[136],"detection":[137,241,272,298],"48":[142],"m,":[143],"below":[144,258,282,305],"that":[145],"distance;":[147],"(70":[150],"under":[152],"glare)":[154],"restores":[155],"margin":[157],"km/h,":[160],"(102":[164],"m)":[165],"required":[167],"60":[169,214],"(wet":[171],"73.8":[174],"m).":[175],"The":[176,246],"specification":[177,226],"is:":[178],"luminaires":[179],"6":[180,187],"upstream":[182],"mounting":[189],"height":[190],"each":[192],"approach,":[193],"cut-off":[194],"optics":[195],"holding":[196],"spill":[198],"factor":[201],"0.15,":[203],"neutral-white":[204],"spectrum,":[205],"least":[207],"(50":[211],"km/h).":[215],"Raising":[216],"baseline":[223],"this":[225],"costs":[227],"an":[228],"additional":[229,238],"$8,076":[230],"over":[231],"20":[232],"years,":[233],"most":[235],"$171.8":[236],"per":[237],"metre":[239],"clothing.":[245],"failures":[247],"are":[248,340],"printed":[249],"full":[251],"size:":[252],"near-black":[253],"0.04)":[256],"critical":[260],"reflectance":[261],"0.0539":[263],"positive":[265],"contrast,":[266],"added":[268],"light":[269],"reduces":[270],"dry-road":[271],"52":[274],"24":[277],"lux,":[281],"every":[290,303],"level;":[291],"fog":[293],"39":[295],"visibility,":[297],"20-24":[300],"level,":[304],"even":[306],"26.8":[314],"In":[316],"those":[317],"regimes":[318],"cannot":[320],"buy":[321],"enough":[322],"detection,":[323],"only":[325],"lower":[326],"speed":[327],"or":[328],"retroreflective":[329],"can":[331],"close":[332],"gap.":[334],"SIMULATED,":[335],"NOT":[336],"MEASURED:":[337],"all":[338],"numbers":[339],"reproducible":[341],"deposited":[344],"compute.py.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}