{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225760154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","title":"BC-MultiRAG: Blockchain-Enabled Provenance and Contribution Incentives for Cross-Domain Retrieval-Augmented Generation","display_name":"BC-MultiRAG: Blockchain-Enabled Provenance and Contribution Incentives for Cross-Domain Retrieval-Augmented Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225760154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18111877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034977430","display_name":"Ziyang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4105-8494","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4105-8494","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6639-2826"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6639-2826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034977430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"1877","last_page":"1877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13913","display_name":"Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0035000001080334187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5846999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.5303000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.47620001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4417000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205383636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14746","display_name":"Merkle tree","level":4,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68595000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2274177","display_name":"Service delivery framework","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129361004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2470236","display_name":"Profitability index","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49630185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6980675","display_name":"Natural experiment","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779056723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329717","display_name":"Warranty","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18111877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym18111877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18111877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964031635","https://openalex.org/W2005066702","https://openalex.org/W2023624732","https://openalex.org/W2889403099","https://openalex.org/W2897765155","https://openalex.org/W2901598045","https://openalex.org/W2949726555","https://openalex.org/W2970773487","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W3015883388","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3119569744","https://openalex.org/W3154280800","https://openalex.org/W3162192447","https://openalex.org/W4200635123","https://openalex.org/W4205408416","https://openalex.org/W4206147779","https://openalex.org/W4285602083","https://openalex.org/W4286971399","https://openalex.org/W4323519324","https://openalex.org/W4389520670","https://openalex.org/W4393285854","https://openalex.org/W4400529080","https://openalex.org/W4415796230","https://openalex.org/W7156937091","https://openalex.org/W7167256123"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retrieval-augmented":[0],"generation":[1],"(RAG)":[2],"across":[3,172],"independent":[4],"data":[5,9],"providers":[6,28,89],"requires":[7],"local":[8],"custody,":[10],"verifiable":[11],"evidence":[12,155],"handling,":[13],"and":[14,31,36,47,55,67,82,104,107,118,125,136,153,156,170],"fair":[15],"compensation":[16],"for":[17],"contributed":[18],"knowledge.":[19],"We":[20,110],"present":[21,180],"BC-MultiRAG,":[22],"a":[23,42,76,112,140,145,162],"permissioned":[24],"framework":[25],"in":[26],"which":[27],"retrieve":[29],"locally":[30],"release":[32],"only":[33,128],"candidate":[34,50],"passages":[35],"metadata.":[37],"Each":[38],"provider":[39],"commits":[40],"to":[41,161],"canonical,":[43],"domain-separated":[44],"Merkle":[45],"root":[46],"signs":[48],"the":[49,133,179],"count,":[51],"root,":[52],"task,":[53],"timestamp,":[54],"software":[56],"version.":[57],"The":[58,130],"shared":[59],"service":[60,84],"verifies":[61],"these":[62],"commitments":[63],"before":[64],"cross-encoder":[65],"reranking":[66],"generation.":[68],"Contributions":[69],"are":[70],"estimated":[71],"with":[72,90],"Shapley":[73],"values":[74],"over":[75],"bounded":[77],"teacher-forced":[78],"support":[79],"score.":[80],"Validity":[81],"audited":[83],"reliability":[85],"adjust":[86],"settlement,":[87],"while":[88],"identical":[91],"node":[92],"contexts":[93],"share":[94],"one":[95],"credit":[96],"group.":[97],"A":[98],"smart":[99],"contract":[100],"enforces":[101],"budget":[102],"conservation":[103],"records":[105],"evaluator":[106],"settlement":[108,147],"state.":[109],"evaluate":[111],"three-provider":[113],"deployment":[114],"on":[115],"MultiHop-RAG,":[116],"HotpotQA,":[117],"Natural":[119],"Questions.":[120],"Provenance":[121],"verification":[122],"changed":[123],"retrieval":[124],"answer":[126],"quality":[127],"slightly.":[129],"protocol":[131],"rejected":[132],"specified":[134],"tampering":[135],"replay":[137],"tests":[138],"at":[139],"measured":[141],"confirmation":[142],"cost.":[143],"In":[144],"controlled":[146],"simulation,":[148],"contribution-weighted":[149],"payment":[150],"improved":[151],"participation":[152],"high-quality":[154],"reduced":[157],"allocation":[158],"disparity":[159],"relative":[160],"shuffled-contribution":[163],"placebo.":[164],"Claims":[165],"of":[166],"semantic":[167],"citation":[168],"correctness":[169],"performance":[171],"naturally":[173],"separate":[174],"institutional":[175],"collections":[176],"remain":[177],"outside":[178],"evidence.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}