{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225759002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","title":"Addressing China\u2019s Wind Power Underperformance","display_name":"Addressing China\u2019s Wind Power Underperformance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225759002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11559125/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11559125/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030715624","display_name":"Haiyang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-3914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-3914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-3914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401173","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3278-8255","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3278-8255","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-8407","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-0084","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-505X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0435-1057","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5482-6524","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6150-3846","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4802-8435","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4959-3372","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8832-3178","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0063-134X","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8177-0038"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-505X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161376394","display_name":"Haiyang Jiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161370461","display_name":"Qie Sun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qie Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102991679","display_name":"Jing Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3688-1079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3688-1079"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161404318","display_name":"Yang Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Meteorological Administration"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Meteorological Administration","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047617913","display_name":"Chris Nielsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-2409","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-2409"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-2409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161369394","display_name":"Chen Xiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443893","display_name":"Michael B. McElroy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1354-167X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1354-167X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael McElroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1354-167X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.28369998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.28369998931884766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14444","display_name":"Power Systems and Renewable Energy","score":0.2085999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2102","display_name":"Energy Engineering and Power Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.18299999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71554815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200974","display_name":"Nameplate capacity","level":4,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4311470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159719","display_name":"Power station","level":2,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781439067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5986479","display_name":"Icing","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81746177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4346098","display_name":"Windage","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11559125/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11559125/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11559125/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225759002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225759002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Wind":[1],"power":[2,117],"is":[3,52],"pivotal":[4],"to":[5,125,147,153,164],"global":[6],"decarbonization,":[7],"and":[8,15,43,61,91,101,145,168],"China":[9,40,152],"leads":[10],"in":[11,28,39,69,119],"both":[12],"installed":[13],"capacity":[14,20,127],"recent":[16],"expansion.":[17],"Yet":[18],"rapid":[19],"expansion":[21],"has":[22,80],"not":[23,53],"translated":[24],"into":[25],"commensurate":[26],"growth":[27],"usable":[29],"electricity.":[30],"Here":[31],"we":[32],"reconstruct":[33],"generation":[34,51,139,158],"for":[35,160],"10,032":[36],"wind":[37,116,157],"farms":[38],"spanning":[41],"1989-2022":[42],"find":[44],"that":[45,57],"over":[46,170],"20%":[47],"of":[48,104],"technically":[49],"available":[50],"utilized.":[54],"Decomposition":[55],"reveals":[56],"while":[58],"grid-connection":[59],"delays":[60],"officially":[62],"reported":[63],"curtailment":[64,78,99,113],"have":[65],"declined":[66],"by":[67,108,129],"~70%":[68],"the":[70,137],"past":[71],"decade,":[72],"a":[73],"residual":[74],"component":[75,83],"-":[76,79],"soft":[77],"emerged.":[81],"This":[82],"represents":[84],"unreported":[85],"losses":[86],"arising":[87],"from":[88],"system":[89],"inflexibility":[90],"regulatory":[92],"distortions,":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"rigid":[96],"dispatch,":[97],"strict":[98],"targets,":[100],"premature":[102],"reporting":[103],"grid":[105],"connection":[106],"incentivized":[107],"feed-in":[109],"tariff":[110],"policies.":[111],"Soft":[112],"now":[114],"dominates":[115],"underperformance":[118],"China,":[120],"offsetting":[121],"technological":[122],"improvements":[123],"expected":[124],"raise":[126],"factors":[128],"~20%,":[130],"leaving":[131],"them":[132],"largely":[133],"unchanged":[134],"overall.":[135],"Absorbing":[136],"unrealized":[138],"through":[140],"storage":[141],"at":[142],"multiple":[143],"timescales":[144],"matching":[146],"flexible":[148],"loads":[149],"could":[150],"enable":[151],"reach":[154],"its":[155],"2060":[156],"target":[159],"carbon":[161],"neutrality":[162],"up":[163],"13":[165],"years":[166],"earlier":[167],"avoid":[169],"20":[171],"Gt":[172],"CO\u2082":[173],"emissions":[174],"cumulatively.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
