{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225758662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","title":"Is cardiac arrest still a binary clinical diagnosis? Toward electro-mechanical\u2013hemodynamic phenotyping in the era of point-of-care ultrasound","display_name":"Is cardiac arrest still a binary clinical diagnosis? Toward electro-mechanical\u2013hemodynamic phenotyping in the era of point-of-care ultrasound","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225758662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43006766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035383220","display_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","issn_l":"2036-3176","issn":["2036-3176","2036-7902","2524-8987"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027380837","display_name":"Gabriele Via","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-0506","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-0506"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095212","display_name":"Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale","ror":"https://ror.org/00sh19a92","country_code":"CH","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095212"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267757","display_name":"Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino","ror":"https://ror.org/046pbr705","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267757"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriele Via","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, SWITZERLAND; Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, SWITZERLAND"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6278-0506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, SWITZERLAND; Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, SWITZERLAND","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095212","https://openalex.org/I4405267757","https://openalex.org/I57201433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026125076","display_name":"Francesco Corradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-2608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-2608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Corradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, ITALY; Department of Anesthesiology at Azienda Tutela della Salute Liguria, Area 5, La Spezia, ITALY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-2608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, ITALY; Department of Anesthesiology at Azienda Tutela della Salute Liguria, Area 5, La Spezia, ITALY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055859189","display_name":"Guido Tavazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-5138","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-5138"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151645","display_name":"Policlinico San Matteo Fondazione","ror":"https://ror.org/05w1q1c88","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151645","https://openalex.org/I4210153126"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guido Tavazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, ITALY; Intensive Care Department, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo Hospital IRCCS, Pavia, ITALY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-5138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, ITALY; Intensive Care Department, Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo Hospital IRCCS, Pavia, ITALY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210151645"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044722048","display_name":"Adrian View-Kim Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4968-7328","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4968-7328"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802449453","display_name":"Ng Teng Fong General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/055vk7b41","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I2802449453","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111135","display_name":"King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/01n0k5m85","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111135"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82724352","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","ror":"https://ror.org/05n8tts92","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}],"countries":["GB","MY","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, SINGAPORE; Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, \u00ad MALAYSIA; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA; Department of Critical Care, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4968-7328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Intensive Care Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, SINGAPORE; Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, \u00ad MALAYSIA; Dept of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA; Department of Critical Care, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802449453","https://openalex.org/I33849332","https://openalex.org/I4210111135","https://openalex.org/I82724352"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2590},"fwci":4.9059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88140162,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"1","first_page":"19728","last_page":"19728"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10645","display_name":"Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10675","display_name":"Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776818218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752800","display_name":"Asystole","level":2,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778165595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5491454","display_name":"Resuscitation","level":2,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520017518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178934","display_name":"Occult","level":3,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777205947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326997","display_name":"Pulseless electrical activity","level":4,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172408975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1989450","display_name":"Clinical death","level":4,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781005686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848662","display_name":"Ventricular fibrillation","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57900726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492905","display_name":"Diastole","level":3,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777055891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185325","display_name":"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775935837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202837","display_name":"Sudden cardiac death","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10162356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135939","display_name":"Pathophysiology","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035383220","display_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","issn_l":"2036-3176","issn":["2036-3176","2036-7902","2524-8987"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43006766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43006766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The ultrasound journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5826/tuj.2026.19728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3035383220","display_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","issn_l":"2036-3176","issn":["2036-3176","2036-7902","2524-8987"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Ultrasound Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1800251357","https://openalex.org/W1986607761","https://openalex.org/W2002358069","https://openalex.org/W2005902776","https://openalex.org/W2006074212","https://openalex.org/W2013388295","https://openalex.org/W2013738592","https://openalex.org/W2019467008","https://openalex.org/W2019647222","https://openalex.org/W2021465218","https://openalex.org/W2024768265","https://openalex.org/W2041703071","https://openalex.org/W2042272823","https://openalex.org/W2051212900","https://openalex.org/W2065096249","https://openalex.org/W2081291023","https://openalex.org/W2085486353","https://openalex.org/W2087922724","https://openalex.org/W2090409772","https://openalex.org/W2092555494","https://openalex.org/W2111858874","https://openalex.org/W2115340480","https://openalex.org/W2116687333","https://openalex.org/W2120022280","https://openalex.org/W2130692776","https://openalex.org/W2133434332","https://openalex.org/W2133819382","https://openalex.org/W2157000739","https://openalex.org/W2161590196","https://openalex.org/W2242833105","https://openalex.org/W2376105620","https://openalex.org/W2527431225","https://openalex.org/W2605384635","https://openalex.org/W2606804037","https://openalex.org/W2620501729","https://openalex.org/W2754356745","https://openalex.org/W2902455378","https://openalex.org/W2995697428","https://openalex.org/W3025484337","https://openalex.org/W3046494125","https://openalex.org/W3093949537","https://openalex.org/W3094026763","https://openalex.org/W3135153495","https://openalex.org/W3148522534","https://openalex.org/W3217625580","https://openalex.org/W4205098136","https://openalex.org/W4210266625","https://openalex.org/W4210992260","https://openalex.org/W4381435728","https://openalex.org/W4391174620","https://openalex.org/W4391971266","https://openalex.org/W4407242221","https://openalex.org/W4408220282","https://openalex.org/W4411920155","https://openalex.org/W4412642803","https://openalex.org/W4414001289","https://openalex.org/W4414230330","https://openalex.org/W4415321792","https://openalex.org/W4415407582","https://openalex.org/W4415407656","https://openalex.org/W4415407783","https://openalex.org/W4415407834","https://openalex.org/W4415674987","https://openalex.org/W7130327157","https://openalex.org/W7203555886"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Cardiac":[1],"arrest":[2,215],"(CA)":[3],"remains":[4],"operationally":[5],"recognized":[6],"through":[7],"clinical":[8],"signs":[9],"of":[10,200],"absent":[11,129],"effective":[12],"circulation":[13],"and":[14,59,104,117,132,152,157,165,167,197,218,228],"classified":[15],"primarily":[16],"by":[17,27,179],"electrical":[18],"rhythm.":[19],"Point-of-care":[20],"ultrasound":[21],"(PoCUS)":[22],"challenges":[23],"this":[24],"rhythm-pulse":[25],"paradigm":[26],"directly":[28],"revealing":[29],"cardiac":[30,214],"mechanical":[31,114,140],"activity":[32,115],"and,":[33],"with":[34,112],"Doppler,":[35],"circulatory":[36],"flow,":[37],"exposing":[38],"physiologically":[39],"distinct":[40,186],"states":[41,72],"concealed":[42],"within":[43],"current":[44],"CA":[45,58,66,95,120,187],"categories.":[46],"METHODS:":[47],"This":[48],"physiology-based":[49],"conceptual":[50],"manuscript":[51],"proposes":[52],"an":[53],"integrated":[54],"electro-mechanical-hemodynamic":[55],"framework":[56,89],"for":[57,185,211],"translates":[60],"it":[61],"into":[62],"PoCUS-consistent":[63],"phenotyping,":[64],"portraying":[65],"presentations":[67],"(CA":[68],"phenotypes)":[69],"as":[70],"pathophysiological":[71],"that":[73],"may":[74,133,168],"transition":[75],"from":[76],"one":[77],"to":[78],"another":[79],"along":[80],"a":[81,181,209],"spontaneous":[82,163],"or":[83,111],"treatment-modified":[84],"continuum.":[85],"CLINICAL":[86],"IMPLICATIONS:":[87],"The":[88],"distinguishes":[90],"three":[91],"principal":[92],"phenotypes:":[93],"shockable":[94,150],"(ventricular":[96],"fibrillation/pulseless":[97],"ventricular":[98,108,125],"tachycardia);":[99],"zero-flow":[100],"CA,":[101],"encompassing":[102],"Asystole":[103],"PEA":[105],"without":[106],"organized":[107,124],"contraction":[109,126],"(S-PEA)":[110],"agonal":[113],"(A-PEA);":[116],"severe":[118],"low-flow":[119],"(C-PEA),":[121],"in":[122],"which":[123],"persists":[127],"despite":[128],"palpable":[130],"pulse,":[131],"generate":[134],"residual":[135],"circulation.":[136],"PoCUS":[137],"can":[138],"define":[139],"states,":[141,188],"identify":[142],"reversible":[143],"causes,":[144],"contextualize":[145],"diagnostic":[146],"findings,":[147],"reveal":[148],"occult":[149],"activity,":[151],"track":[153],"phenotype":[154],"transitions.":[155],"Doppler":[156],"invasive":[158],"arterial-pressure":[159],"monitoring":[160],"further":[161],"characterize":[162],"flow":[164],"pressure":[166],"support":[169],"phenotype-informed":[170],"treatment.":[171],"CONCLUSIONS:":[172],"Electro-mechanical-hemodynamic":[173],"phenotyping":[174],"extends":[175],"established":[176],"ALS":[177],"classification":[178],"providing":[180],"standardized":[182],"physiological":[183,206],"language":[184],"enabling":[189],"more":[190],"homogeneous":[191],"research":[192],"populations,":[193],"phenotype-specific":[194],"resuscitation":[195,229],"research,":[196,225],"rigorous":[198],"evaluation":[199],"PoCUS-informed":[201],"management.":[202],"Taken":[203],"together,":[204],"these":[205],"distinctions":[207],"provide":[208],"rationale":[210],"reconsidering":[212],"how":[213,219],"is":[216],"characterized":[217],"PoCUS-derived":[220],"information":[221],"could":[222],"inform":[223],"future":[224],"evidence":[226],"reviews,":[227],"recommendations.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}