{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225758556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","title":"Cognitive Cryptography Framework for Securing Brain Computer Interfaces Against Neural Signal Hijacking","display_name":"Cognitive Cryptography Framework for Securing Brain Computer Interfaces Against Neural Signal Hijacking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225758556","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161410147","display_name":"Soufiane Ben Othman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soufiane Ben Othman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied College, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied College, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161399292","display_name":"Mustafa kakeeto","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133388076","display_name":"Gulu University","ror":"https://ror.org/042vepq05","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133388076"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa kakeeto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu City, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu City, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133388076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161399292","https://openalex.org/A5161410147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133388076","https://openalex.org/I4626487"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2490},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.86080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.86080002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-026-01671-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190680769","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","issn_l":"1875-6883","issn":["1875-6883","1875-6891"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain\u2013Computer":[0],"Interfaces":[1],"(BCIs)":[2],"are":[3],"rapidly":[4],"transitioning":[5],"from":[6,151],"experimental":[7],"prototypes":[8],"to":[9,33,47,56,105,191],"clinical":[10],"and":[11,52,155,168,187,194,216,238,271,291],"consumer":[12],"deployments,":[13],"exposing":[14],"a":[15,106,141,159,176,199,225,232,258,278],"novel":[16],"attack":[17],"surface:":[18],"neural":[19,57,109,286],"signal":[20,78],"hijacking":[21],",":[22,70,119,121,123,125],"wherein":[23],"adversaries":[24],"intercept,":[25],"replay,":[26],"or":[27,37],"inject":[28],"synthetic":[29],"electroencephalographic":[30],"(EEG)":[31],"streams":[32],"compromise":[34],"prosthetic":[35],"actuation":[36],"infer":[38],"private":[39],"cognitive":[40,133],"states.":[41],"Conventional":[42],"transport-layer":[43],"security":[44,73,282],"mechanisms":[45],"fail":[46],"address":[48],"the":[49,65,92,172],"stochastic,":[50],"non-stationary,":[51],"session-variant":[53],"characteristics":[54],"inherent":[55],"data.":[58],"To":[59],"bridge":[60],"this":[61],"gap,":[62],"we":[63],"introduce":[64],"Cognitive":[66,142],"Cryptography":[67],"Framework":[68],"(CCF)":[69],"an":[71,239],"end-to-end":[72],"architecture":[74],"that":[75,147,163],"co-designs":[76],"neurophysiological":[77],"processing":[79],"with":[80],"cryptographic":[81],"primitives":[82],"for":[83,284],"context-aware":[84],"authenticated":[85],"encryption.":[86],"At":[87],"its":[88],"core,":[89],"CCF":[90,276],"employs":[91],"Oscillation-Bound":[93],"Frequency-Shift":[94],"Keyed":[95],"Hash":[96],"(OB-FSKH)":[97],"algorithm,":[98],"which":[99],"cryptographically":[100],"binds":[101],"epoch-specific":[102],"session":[103],"keys":[104],"subject":[107],"live":[108],"oscillation":[110],"fingerprint":[111],"across":[112,207],"five":[113],"canonical":[114],"frequency":[115],"bands":[116],"(":[117],"\\(\\delta\\)":[118],"\\(\\theta\\)":[120],"\\(\\alpha\\)":[122],"\\(\\beta\\)":[124],"\\(\\gamma\\)":[126],"),":[127],"ensuring":[128],"automatic":[129],"key":[130,269],"expiration":[131],"upon":[132],"state":[134],"transitions.":[135],"Cryptographic":[136],"entropy":[137],"is":[138],"harvested":[139],"via":[140],"Biometric":[143],"Entropy":[144],"Pool":[145],"(CBEP)":[146],"distills":[148],"high-fidelity":[149],"min-entropy":[150],"inter-channel":[152],"phase-locking":[153],"values":[154],"band-power":[156],"dynamics,":[157],"seeding":[158],"forward-secret":[160],"HKDF-SHA3-512":[161],"double-ratchet":[162],"formally":[164],"guarantees":[165],"IND-CCA2":[166],"confidentiality":[167],"EUF-CMA":[169],"integrity":[170],"under":[171,220],"random-oracle":[173],"model.":[174],"Concurrently,":[175],"lightweight":[177],"Neural":[178],"Anomaly":[179],"Detector":[180],"(NAD)":[181],"leverages":[182],"adaptive":[183],"Mahalanobis":[184],"distance":[185],"scoring":[186],"Ljung\u2013Box":[188],"autocorrelation":[189],"analysis":[190],"identify":[192],"replay":[193],"generative":[195],"injection":[196],"attacks":[197],"within":[198],"single":[200],"250":[201],"ms":[202,249],"epoch.":[203],"Extensive":[204],"empirical":[205],"validation":[206],"two":[208],"benchmark":[209],"datasets":[210],"(BCI":[211],"Competition":[212],"IV":[213],"Dataset":[214],"2a":[215],"PhysioNet":[217],"Motor":[218],"Movement/Imagery)":[219],"four":[221],"adversarial":[222],"scenarios":[223],"demonstrates":[224],"mean":[226],"authentication":[227],"accuracy":[228],"of":[229,235,243,250],"98.7":[230],"%,":[231,237],"replay-detection":[233],"recall":[234],"99.2":[236],"injection-detection":[240],"\\(F_1\\)":[241],"score":[242],"0.987,":[244],"while":[245],"incurring":[246],"only":[247],"4.3":[248],"deterministic":[251],"computational":[252],"overhead":[253],"per":[254],"64-channel":[255],"epoch":[256],"on":[257],"Raspberry":[259],"Pi":[260],"4":[261],"edge":[262],"node.":[263],"By":[264],"unifying":[265],"neural-context":[266],"binding,":[267],"biometric":[268],"derivation,":[270],"real-time":[272],"statistical":[273],"anomaly":[274],"detection,":[275],"establishes":[277],"clinically":[279],"viable,":[280],"low-latency":[281],"paradigm":[283],"next-generation":[285],"prosthetics,":[287],"closed-loop":[288],"neurofeedback":[289],"systems,":[290],"augmented-reality":[292],"BCI":[293],"deployments.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}