{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225757843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","title":"Trial design and temporal trends of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck cancer","display_name":"Trial design and temporal trends of radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck cancer","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225757843","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161364003","display_name":"Jun Liao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000453470","display_name":"Zhiwei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8834-282X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8834-282X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161395965","display_name":"JingYing Wen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JingYing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161367336","display_name":"Congwen Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congwen Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148953229","display_name":"Wenjie Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-8713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5338-8713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129708740","display_name":"Fujian Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/050s6ns64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjie Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129708740"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10307","display_name":"Head and Neck Cancer Studies","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2733","display_name":"Otorhinolaryngology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10307","display_name":"Head and Neck Cancer Studies","score":0.7285000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2733","display_name":"Otorhinolaryngology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.26170000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13123","display_name":"Advances in Oncology and Radiotherapy","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8288000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776530083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783924","display_name":"Head and neck cancer","level":3,"score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.6722000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6456000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.6087999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.5752000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018411727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3867488","display_name":"Head and neck","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019096185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340863","display_name":"Complete response","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13896859","display_name":"Pembrolizumab","level":4,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11259423/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963526469","https://openalex.org/W2092025391","https://openalex.org/W2599076725","https://openalex.org/W2753065806","https://openalex.org/W2893824814","https://openalex.org/W3037785217","https://openalex.org/W4292261177","https://openalex.org/W4311654154","https://openalex.org/W4393301802","https://openalex.org/W4404710703","https://openalex.org/W4409202065","https://openalex.org/W4411107907","https://openalex.org/W4417280321","https://openalex.org/W7124984952","https://openalex.org/W7126109862","https://openalex.org/W7160544750","https://openalex.org/W7161254603","https://openalex.org/W7166028506","https://openalex.org/W7167923541","https://openalex.org/W7168179708","https://openalex.org/W7171766905","https://openalex.org/W7171849097","https://openalex.org/W7203642700","https://openalex.org/W7207625144"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Radiotherapy":[1],"combined":[2],"with":[3],"immune":[4],"checkpoint":[5],"inhibitors":[6],"(RT":[7],"+":[8,72,108,122,136,183],"IO)":[9],"is":[10,191],"a":[11,61],"rapidly":[12],"expanding":[13],"treatment":[14],"strategy":[15],"in":[16,162,186],"head":[17,49,187],"and":[18,50,54,82,110,134,152,170,188,195],"neck":[19,51,189],"cancer,":[20],"but":[21],"the":[22,25,35,101],"design":[23,198],"of":[24,38,64,116,166,177,205],"registered":[26,181],"trial":[27],"portfolio":[28,185],"has":[29],"not":[30],"been":[31,173],"systematically":[32],"quantified.":[33],"Using":[34],"Aggregate":[36],"Analysis":[37],"ClinicalTrials.gov":[39],"(AACT)":[40],"database":[41],"(snapshot":[42],"3":[43],"September":[44],"2026),":[45],"we":[46],"identified":[47],"all":[48],"cancer":[52,190],"trials":[53,118,138,143,154,168],"removed":[55],"label-based":[56],"(MeSH)":[57],"over-annotation":[58],"to":[59],"define":[60],"site-focused":[62],"universe":[63],"5,709":[65,102],"trials.":[66],"Trials":[67],"were":[68,106,112,120,139],"classified":[69],"as":[70],"RT":[71,107,117,121,135,182],"IO,":[73],"RT-only,":[74],"IO-only":[75],"or":[76],"neither":[77],"using":[78],"explicit":[79],"structured":[80],"dictionaries,":[81],"co-administration":[83,159],"was":[84,90,160],"assessed":[85],"at":[86,163],"arm":[87],"level.":[88],"Classification":[89],"validated":[91],"by":[92,197],"two":[93],"independent":[94],"reviewers":[95],"(Cohen's":[96],"kappa":[97],"=":[98,129,132],"0.918).":[99],"Of":[100],"trials,":[103],"237":[104,167],"(4.2%)":[105],"IO":[109,123,137,184],"233":[111,178],"interventional.":[113],"The":[114,180],"proportion":[115],"that":[119,200],"rose":[124],"over":[125],"time":[126],"(Cochran-Armitage":[127],"z":[128],"3.39,":[130],"P":[131],"0.0007),":[133],"more":[140],"frequent":[141],"among":[142],"from":[144],"China":[145],"(adjusted":[146],"OR":[147],"2.75,":[148],"95%":[149],"CI":[150],"1.85\u20134.08)":[151],"industry-sponsored":[153],"(OR":[155],"5.66,":[156],"3.83\u20138.39).":[157],"Same-arm":[158],"present":[161],"least":[164],"121":[165],"(51.1%),":[169],"results":[171],"had":[172],"posted":[174],"for":[175],"38":[176],"(16.3%).":[179],"substantial,":[192],"geographically":[193],"concentrated,":[194],"dominated":[196],"features":[199],"may":[201],"limit":[202],"direct":[203],"attribution":[204],"combined-modality":[206],"effects.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
