{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225757609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","title":"Association of GBP2 and GBP5 expression with COVID-19 severity: a retrospective cross-sectional study","display_name":"Association of GBP2 and GBP5 expression with COVID-19 severity: a retrospective cross-sectional study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225757609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171015910","display_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1471-2334","issn":["1471-2334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070260545","display_name":"Abdullah Y\u00fccel Baba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-8773","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-8773"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173761726","display_name":"Karab\u00fck University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wy7gp54","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Y\u00fccel Baba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4856-8773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062313105","display_name":"Bahad\u0131r Feyzio\u011flu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-2132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-2132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107659","display_name":"Necmettin Erbakan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013s3zh21","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107659"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahad\u0131r Feyzio\u011flu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0991-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107659"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070260545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11668","display_name":"interferon and immune responses","score":0.5038999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11668","display_name":"interferon and immune responses","score":0.5038999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.41110000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.07620000094175339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.9014000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190139176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598976","display_name":"Medical microbiology","level":2,"score":0.4129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779159551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414874","display_name":"Comorbidity","level":2,"score":0.37130001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190612196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180502","display_name":"Parasitology","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48023723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856198","display_name":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162317418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252857","display_name":"Transcriptome","level":4,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171015910","display_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1471-2334","issn":["1471-2334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14793-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171015910","display_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1471-2334","issn":["1471-2334"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Host":[2],"interferon":[3],"responses":[4],"are":[5,16],"increasingly":[6],"recognized":[7],"as":[8,61],"determinants":[9],"of":[10,27,77],"COVID-19":[11,318],"outcomes.":[12],"Guanylate-binding":[13],"proteins":[14],"(GBPs)":[15],"interferon-stimulated":[17,344],"GTPases":[18],"that":[19],"restrict":[20],"SARS-CoV-2":[21,92],"by":[22,117,149],"interfering":[23],"with":[24,35,59,90,133,137,199,211,217,280,317],"furin-mediated":[25],"processing":[26],"the":[28,48,160,189,193,256],"viral":[29],"spike":[30],"protein;":[31],"however,":[32],"their":[33],"relationship":[34,327],"clinical":[36,57,228],"severity":[37,229,242,319,329],"in":[38,283,320,356,372],"patients":[39,285],"has":[40],"not":[41,248,365],"been":[42],"extensively":[43],"studied.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,76,162],"evaluated":[47],"association":[49,68,297],"between":[50,82,298],"GBP2":[51,113,155,213,300,312],"and":[52,56,85,106,114,139,145,152,208,245,251,291,301,337,369],"GBP5":[53,60,115,268,332],"mRNA":[54,116],"expression":[55,156,282,313],"severity,":[58],"a":[62,324,334,366],"comparator":[63],"to":[64,120,175,180],"test":[65],"whether":[66],"any":[67],"was":[69,214,303,314],"gene-specific.":[70],"Methods":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73,321],"retrospective,":[74],"cross-sectional":[75,363],"archived":[78],"whole-blood":[79],"samples":[80],"collected":[81],"November":[83],"2020":[84],"February":[86],"2021,":[87],"150":[88],"adults":[89],"RT-PCR-confirmed":[91],"infection":[93],"(37":[94],"mild,":[95],"32":[96],"moderate,":[97,204],"46":[98],"severe,":[99],"35":[100],"critical,":[101],"classified":[102],"per":[103],"WHO/national":[104],"criteria)":[105],"50":[107],"SARS-CoV-2-negative":[108],"controls":[109,287],"were":[110,128,147,186,197,247,346],"assayed":[111],"for":[112,240,309],"qRT-PCR,":[118],"normalized":[119],"GAPDH":[121],"(2":[122],"\u2212":[123,222],"\u200b":[124],"\u0394\u0394Ct":[125],"method).":[126],"Groups":[127],"compared":[129],"using":[130],"one-way":[131],"ANOVA":[132],"Tukey":[134,200],"post-hoc":[135],"testing,":[136],"variance-robust":[138],"log2-scale":[140],"sensitivity":[141],"analyses;":[142],"age,":[143],"sex,":[144],"comorbidity":[146,246],"assessed":[148],"Spearman":[150],"correlation":[151],"regression.":[153],"Results":[154],"differed":[157,269],"significantly":[158],"across":[159,272,328],"five":[161],"groups":[163,273],"(F":[164,274],"=":[165,206,221,262,266,275,278],"288.27,":[166],"p":[167,205,224,237,261,265,277],"<":[168,225,238],"0.001),":[169,226],"decreasing":[170],"stepwise":[171],"from":[172],"mild":[173],"(4.76-fold)":[174],"critical":[176,284],"(0.60-fold)":[177],"disease":[178],"relative":[179],"controls.":[181],"All":[182],"ten":[183,210],"pairwise":[184],"comparisons":[185],"significant":[187,198],"on":[188,192,255],"fold-change":[190],"scale;":[191],"log2":[194,257],"scale":[195,258],"nine":[196],"HSD":[201],"(mild":[202],"versus":[203],"0.205)":[207],"all":[209],"Games\u2013Howell.":[212],"inversely":[215,315],"correlated":[216],"age":[218,252],"(":[219,236],"r":[220],"0.57,":[223],"but":[227],"remained":[230],"an":[231,361],"independent":[232],"predictor":[233],"after":[234,307],"adjustment":[235],"0.001":[239],"each":[241],"group).":[243],"Sex":[244],"independently":[249],"associated,":[250],"reached":[253],"significance":[254],"only":[259,341],"(conventional":[260],"0.045;":[263],"HC3":[264],"0.020).":[267],"far":[270],"less":[271],"3.31,":[276],"0.012),":[279],"higher":[281],"than":[286],"(1.35-fold":[288],"vs.":[289],"1.00-fold)":[290],"no":[292,304,348],"graded":[293,326],"pattern.":[294,339],"The":[295],"crude":[296],"low":[299],"mortality":[302],"longer":[305],"detectable":[306],"adjusting":[308],"severity.":[310],"Conclusions":[311],"associated":[316],"cohort,":[322],"showing":[323],"strong":[325],"strata,":[330],"whereas":[331],"showed":[333],"much":[335],"weaker":[336],"non-graded":[338],"As":[340],"these":[342],"two":[343],"genes":[345,355],"measured,":[347],"inferences":[349],"can":[350],"be":[351],"drawn":[352],"about":[353],"such":[354],"general.":[357],"These":[358],"findings":[359],"describe":[360],"observed":[362],"association,":[364],"causal":[367],"one,":[368],"warrant":[370],"confirmation":[371],"prospective":[373],"multicenter":[374],"studies.":[375]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
