{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225757536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","title":"Phytochemical Composition, Extraction Yield, and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves and Peels","display_name":"Phytochemical Composition, Extraction Yield, and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves and Peels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225757536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064920","display_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","issn_l":"3153-709X","issn":["3153-709X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161418694","display_name":"Raula Isa Bello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7577-8290","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7577-8290"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I919958821","display_name":"Bayero University Kano","ror":"https://ror.org/049pzty39","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I919958821"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raula Isa Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7577-8290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919958821"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161418694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I919958821"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13846","display_name":"Mangiferin and Mango Extracts","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13846","display_name":"Mangiferin and Mango Extracts","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10225","display_name":"Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity","score":0.018699999898672104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14521","display_name":"Medicinal Plant Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195475562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639139","display_name":"Phytochemical","level":2,"score":0.8331000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780104969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774530","display_name":"Antibacterial activity","level":3,"score":0.751800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74940592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723254","display_name":"Maceration (sewage)","level":2,"score":0.7325999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779429693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274959","display_name":"Distilled water","level":2,"score":0.6564000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781429666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161807","display_name":"Mangifera","level":2,"score":0.6147000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556039675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q771035","display_name":"Traditional medicine","level":1,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.45410001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176947019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597889","display_name":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","level":3,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11636898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q390585","display_name":"Agar diffusion test","level":4,"score":0.42899999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779489039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188121","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","level":3,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.3562000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019249092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274493","display_name":"Antibacterial agent","level":3,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779158651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188840","display_name":"Medicinal plants","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781325065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133290","display_name":"Syzygium","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780161600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153","display_name":"Ethanol","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826533","display_name":"Soxhlet extractor","level":3,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064920","display_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","issn_l":"3153-709X","issn":["3153-709X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68263/bjar-c6unq2ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064920","display_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","issn_l":"3153-709X","issn":["3153-709X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"British Journal of Advanced Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Antimicrobial":[1],"resistance":[2],"has":[3],"intensified":[4],"interest":[5],"in":[6,21,49,80,306],"natural":[7],"products":[8],"as":[9],"sources":[10],"of":[11,53,58,71,311],"antibacterial":[12,51],"compounds.":[13],"Mango":[14],"(Mangifera":[15],"indica":[16],"L.)":[17],"leaves":[18,60,92],"are":[19],"used":[20],"traditional":[22],"medicine,":[23],"while":[24,284],"the":[25,72,242,279,295,333],"peel":[26,179,190,239,273,292],"is":[27],"a":[28],"commonly":[29],"discarded":[30],"fruit-processing":[31],"by-product":[32],"that":[33],"may":[34],"contain":[35],"potentially":[36],"useful":[37],"phytochemicals.":[38],"Objective:":[39],"This":[40],"study":[41],"compared":[42],"extraction":[43],"yield,":[44],"qualitative":[45,281],"phytochemical":[46,122,282],"composition,":[47],"and":[48,55,61,69,93,105,126,145,152,164,186,201,204,258,268,329,331],"vitro":[50,307],"activity":[52,130],"aqueous":[54,173,178,218,249],"ethanolic":[56,183,189,234],"extracts":[57,194,267,277,286,293],"mango":[59,76],"peels":[62],"against":[63,136,221,255,294],"five":[64],"clinical":[65,312],"bacterial":[66],"isolates.Methods:":[67],"Leaves":[68],"fruits":[70],"local":[73],"\u201cDan":[74],"Kamaru\u201d":[75],"variety":[77],"were":[78,88,100,170,206,261],"collected":[79],"Kano":[81],"State,":[82],"Nigeria.":[83],"The":[84,209,275],"reported":[85,160,289],"voucher":[86],"numbers":[87],"BUKHAN":[89,94],"262":[90],"for":[91,96,112,118,161,172,177,182,188,197,217,264,271],"348":[95],"fruit":[97],"material.":[98],"Samples":[99],"oven-dried":[101],"at":[102,148,224,241],"40":[103],"\u00b0C":[104],"extracted":[106],"by":[107,133,248,299],"maceration":[108],"using":[109],"distilled":[110],"water":[111],"48":[113],"h":[114],"or":[115,237,314],"absolute":[116],"ethanol":[117],"72":[119],"h.":[120],"Qualitative":[121],"screening":[123],"followed":[124],"Brain":[125],"Turner":[127],"(1975).":[128],"Antibacterial":[129],"was":[131,159,214,246],"assessed":[132,298],"agar-well":[134],"diffusion":[135],"Staphylococcus":[137],"aureus,":[138],"Proteus":[139],"mirabilis,":[140],"Escherichia":[141],"coli,":[142],"Klebsiella":[143],"pneumoniae,":[144],"Pseudomonas":[146],"aeruginosa":[147],"250,":[149],"125,":[150],"62.5,":[151],"31.25":[153,262],"mg/mL.":[154,226],"Minimum":[155],"inhibitory":[156],"concentration":[157],"(MIC)":[158],"S.":[162,222,256],"aureus":[163,223,257],"P.":[165,259],"mirabilis.":[166],"Results:":[167],"Extraction":[168],"yields":[169],"28%":[171],"leaf":[174,184,219,235,250,266,285],"extract,":[175,180,185],"24%":[176],"22%":[181],"20%":[187],"extract.":[191,251],"All":[192],"four":[193],"tested":[195,243,276],"positive":[196],"tannins,":[198],"alkaloids,":[199],"flavonoids,":[200],"triterpenes;":[202],"phlobatannins":[203],"resins":[205],"not":[207,309],"detected.":[208],"largest":[210],"recorded":[211],"inhibition":[212,232],"zone":[213],"29":[215],"mm":[216],"extract":[220,236,240],"250":[225],"E.":[227],"coli":[228],"showed":[229,287],"no":[230],"detectable":[231],"with":[233],"either":[238],"concentrations":[244],"but":[245],"inhibited":[247],"Reported":[252],"MIC":[253],"values":[254],"mirabilis":[260],"mg/mL":[263,270],"both":[265,272],"62.5":[269],"extracts.Conclusion:":[274],"shared":[278],"same":[280],"classes,":[283],"lower":[288],"MICs":[290],"than":[291],"two":[296],"organisms":[297],"MIC.":[300],"These":[301],"findings":[302],"provide":[303],"preliminary":[304],"comparative":[305],"evidence,":[308],"proof":[310],"efficacy":[313],"chemical":[315],"equivalence.":[316],"Further":[317],"work":[318],"should":[319],"quantify":[320],"individual":[321],"compounds,":[322],"standardize":[323],"susceptibility":[324],"testing,":[325],"include":[326],"appropriate":[327],"controls":[328],"replication,":[330],"verify":[332],"raw":[334],"data.":[335]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}