{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225756985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","title":"A Scalable Modular Hardware Architecture for Automated Testing of Automotive Electronic Control Units","display_name":"A Scalable Modular Hardware Architecture for Automated Testing of Automotive Electronic Control Units","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225756985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/automation7060183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241158","display_name":"Automation","issn_l":"2673-4052","issn":["2673-4052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013051790","display_name":"Dumitru-Daniel Bonciog","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3043-6537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3043-6537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122695212","display_name":"Politehnica University of Timisoara","ror":"https://ror.org/02v91gy68","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dumitru-Daniel Bonciog","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3043-6537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics, Telecommunication and Information Technology, Politehnica University Timisoara, 300006 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053313823","display_name":"Adriana Berdich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-7825","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-7825"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122695212","display_name":"Politehnica University of Timisoara","ror":"https://ror.org/02v91gy68","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Berdich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automation and Computing, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-7825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automation and Computing, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 300223 Timisoara, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013051790","https://openalex.org/A5053313823"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122695212"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":"183","last_page":"183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13293","display_name":"Engineering and Test Systems","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12941","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Design","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.8148999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181229668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343700","display_name":"Electronic control unit","level":2,"score":0.609499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5733000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5315999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141842801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363815","display_name":"Automatic test equipment","level":3,"score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5020999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.46219998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148493468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2646951","display_name":"Functional safety","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776303644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020499","display_name":"Interfacing","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62460635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508853","display_name":"Functional verification","level":3,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778520156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449343","display_name":"Automotive electronics","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107683887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782466","display_name":"Integration testing","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7166840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199682","display_name":"System testing","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81060104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11653","display_name":"Electronic component","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2612999975681305}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/automation7060183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241158","display_name":"Automation","issn_l":"2673-4052","issn":["2673-4052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/automation7060183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7060183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241158","display_name":"Automation","issn_l":"2673-4052","issn":["2673-4052"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Automation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397690080","https://openalex.org/W2734124582","https://openalex.org/W3132895215","https://openalex.org/W3167621907","https://openalex.org/W4362556319","https://openalex.org/W4376853915","https://openalex.org/W4399495129","https://openalex.org/W4409017511","https://openalex.org/W4414510361","https://openalex.org/W4416903647"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,63,101,197],"increasing":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,52,85,130,209],"automotive":[4],"electronic":[5],"systems":[6,23],"requires":[7],"configurable":[8],"laboratory":[9,50,162],"platforms":[10],"for":[11,57,74],"Electronic":[12],"Control":[13,168],"Units":[14],"(ECUs).":[15],"conventional":[17],"test":[18,26,139,171],"approaches,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"hardware-in-the-loop":[22],"and":[24,47,80,95,106,127,151,193,205],"customized":[25],"benches,":[27],"may":[28],"require":[29],"substantial":[30],"engineering":[31],"effort":[32],"when":[33],"they":[34],"are":[35],"adapted":[36],"to":[37,109,115,121,190,202],"different":[38],"ECU":[39,59,179],"configurations.":[40],"This":[41,133,173],"research":[42,134,174],"paper":[43,135],"presents":[44],"the":[45,86,116,122,131,203,210],"implementation":[46,204],"initial":[48,206],"functional":[49,156,207],"validation":[51,157,208],"a":[53,66,92,96,138,161,165],"modular":[54,194],"hardware":[55,72],"prototype":[56],"selected":[58],"I/O":[60,118],"testing":[61],"tasks.":[62],"system":[64],"utilizes":[65],"backplane-based":[67],"platform":[68],"that":[69,142],"combines":[70],"application-specific":[71,212],"modules":[73,88,108],"communication,":[75,125],"control,":[76],"input":[77,105,145],"stimulation,":[78,146],"switching,":[79],"load":[81,147],"interfacing.":[82],"Coordinated":[83],"operation":[84],"implemented":[87],"is":[89,199],"provided":[90],"by":[91],"central":[93],"controller":[94],"Classical":[97],"CAN-based":[98],"request\u2013response":[99],"protocol.":[100],"design":[102],"allows":[103],"compatible":[104],"output":[107],"be":[110],"replaced":[111],"or":[112,188],"added":[113],"according":[114],"required":[117],"configuration,":[119],"subject":[120],"mechanical,":[123],"electrical,":[124],"power,":[126],"thermal":[128],"limitations":[129],"prototype.":[132,213],"also":[136],"outlines":[137],"execution":[140],"structure":[141],"includes":[143],"initialization,":[144],"connection,":[148],"module-status":[149],"reporting,":[150],"predefined":[152],"sequence":[153],"execution.":[154],"Initial":[155],"was":[158],"performed":[159],"in":[160],"environment":[163],"using":[164],"representative":[166],"Body":[167],"Module":[169],"(BCM)":[170],"scenario.":[172],"does":[175],"not":[176],"establish":[177],"universal":[178],"compatibility,":[180],"quantitative":[181],"scalability,":[182],"metrological":[183],"measurement":[184],"performance,":[185],"industrial":[186],"readiness,":[187],"equivalence":[189],"commercial":[191],"HIL":[192],"instrumentation":[195],"systems.":[196],"contribution":[198],"therefore":[200],"limited":[201],"described":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}