{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225756945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","title":"Evaluation of HHLA2 expression predicts poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","display_name":"Evaluation of HHLA2 expression predicts poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225756945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100786001","display_name":"Junjun Chen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Jiangsu Changzhou, China","Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Jiangsu Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161381838","display_name":"Bin Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141248873","display_name":"Hanlin Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanlin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161411900","display_name":"Yuming Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049412007","display_name":"Yingting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-4211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9117-4211","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5164-1241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103142216","display_name":"Wendong Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-065X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-065X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5070-3431"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendong Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Jiangsu Changzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Jiangsu Changzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109713530","display_name":"Xiao Zheng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100567405","display_name":"Dawei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-8854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-8854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161371637","display_name":"Jingting Jiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingting Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, Jiangsu Changzhou, 213003, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100567405","https://openalex.org/A5109713530","https://openalex.org/A5161371637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10619","display_name":"Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment","score":0.5396000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10619","display_name":"Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment","score":0.5396000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.4399000108242035,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10696","display_name":"Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7465000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193270364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141925","display_name":"Tissue microarray","level":3,"score":0.5080999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779742542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372701","display_name":"Esophageal cancer","level":3,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21686041","display_name":"Immune checkpoint","level":4,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780140570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3545481","display_name":"Surgical oncology","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.4058000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994415158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372701","display_name":"Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167672396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800","display_name":"CD8","level":3,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776460901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21109693","display_name":"CD68","level":3,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16930146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4381253","display_name":"Stromal cell","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090610","display_name":"Chemoimmunotherapy","level":4,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18431079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502169","display_name":"Gene expression profiling","level":4,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33525","display_name":"Carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934982","display_name":"Multiplex","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186836561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931516","display_name":"Microarray","level":4,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778326572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7852668","display_name":"Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","level":4,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777983448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2745322","display_name":"STK11","level":5,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777819096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173710","display_name":"Esophagus","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-17343-x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192926780","display_name":"BMC Cancer","issn_l":"1471-2407","issn":["1471-2407"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Cancer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background/Aims":[1],"Esophageal":[2],"squamous":[3],"cell":[4,236],"carcinoma":[5],"(ESCC)":[6],"remains":[7],"a":[8,38,256,261],"major":[9],"health":[10],"burden":[11],"in":[12,51,73,121,145,211,220,267],"China,":[13],"and":[14,55,68,82,112,150,161,187,197,222,234,260],"the":[15,23,45,65,96],"clinical":[16,227],"benefit":[17],"of":[18,25,44,71,158,164,231],"immunotherapy":[19],"is":[20],"limited":[21],"by":[22],"lack":[24],"reliable":[26],"predictive":[27],"biomarkers.":[28,250],"Human":[29],"endogenous":[30],"retrovirus-H":[31],"long":[32],"terminal":[33],"repeat-associating":[34],"protein":[35],"2":[36],"(HHLA2),":[37],"recently":[39],"identified":[40,253],"immune":[41,53,235],"checkpoint":[42],"molecule":[43],"B7":[46],"family,":[47],"has":[48],"been":[49],"implicated":[50],"tumor":[52,97,148],"evasion":[54],"disease":[56],"progression":[57],"across":[58],"multiple":[59],"malignancies.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"this":[62],"study":[63],"investigated":[64],"expression":[66,94,117,133,144,160,181,233],"pattern":[67],"prognostic":[69,209,258],"significance":[70],"HHLA2":[72,93,116,132,159,180,203,216,232,254],"ESCC.":[74,268],"Methods":[75],"Multiplex":[76],"immunofluorescence":[77],"staining":[78],"for":[79,176,264],"HHLA2,":[80],"CD68,":[81],"CD8":[83,165,237],"was":[84,118,217,223],"performed":[85],"on":[86,182],"an":[87,207],"ESCC":[88,122,177,221],"tissue":[89],"microarray":[90],"to":[91,105],"characterize":[92],"within":[95],"microenvironment":[98],"(TME).":[99],"Quantitative":[100],"analyses":[101,157,199],"were":[102,189],"subsequently":[103],"conducted":[104],"evaluate":[106],"its":[107],"associations":[108],"with":[109,125,130,142,192,225],"clinicopathological":[110],"features":[111],"patient":[113],"survival.":[114],"Results":[115],"significantly":[119,135],"elevated":[120],"tissues":[123],"compared":[124],"normal":[126],"esophageal":[127,212],"tissues.":[128],"Patients":[129],"high":[131],"exhibited":[134],"poorer":[136],"overall":[137],"survival":[138],"(OS)":[139],"than":[140],"those":[141],"low":[143],"CK":[146,151],"+":[147,166,169,238,241],"area":[149],"-":[152],"stroma":[153],"area.":[154],"The":[155,229],"combined":[156],"infiltration":[162,242],"levels":[163,243],",":[167,239],"CD68":[168,240],"provided":[170],"novel":[171],"exploratory":[172,247],"risk":[173,248],"stratification":[174,249],"biomarkers":[175],"patients.":[178,214],"Increased":[179],"both":[183,200],"CD68\u207atumor-associated":[184],"macrophages":[185],"(TAMs)":[186],"CD8\u207aT-cells":[188],"likewise":[190],"associated":[191,224],"unfavorable":[193],"prognosis.":[194],"Moreover,":[195],"univariate":[196],"multivariate":[198],"revealed":[201],"that":[202],"could":[204,244],"served":[205],"as":[206,255],"independent":[208],"biomarker":[210,259],"cancer":[213],"Conclusion":[215],"frequently":[218],"overexpressed":[219],"adverse":[226],"outcomes.":[228],"combination":[230],"offer":[245],"enhanced":[246],"These":[251],"findings":[252],"promising":[257],"potential":[262],"target":[263],"immunotherapeutic":[265],"intervention":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}