{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225756455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","title":"Sand-Battery Thermal Storage for Home Heating: A First-Principles Residential Design for Three Sunless Days in a Cold Climate","display_name":"Sand-Battery Thermal Storage for Home Heating: A First-Principles Residential Design for Three Sunless Days in a Cold Climate","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225756455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24108435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159396451","display_name":"William Alexander Aldred","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldred, William Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159396451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10938","display_name":"Phase Change Materials Research","score":0.861299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10938","display_name":"Phase Change Materials Research","score":0.861299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.05380000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13298","display_name":"Solar Energy Systems and Technologies","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6805999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992321014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64624502","display_name":"Cold climate","level":2,"score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183287310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64839514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918306","display_name":"Thermal insulation","level":3,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988529969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142478","display_name":"Cold storage","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994141226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142421","display_name":"Cold winter","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780061162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13221754","display_name":"Electric heating","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780025963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2740343","display_name":"Building insulation","level":4,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776825979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674950","display_name":"Residential area","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992644767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642683","display_name":"Cold weather","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779553506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100252428","display_name":"Defrosting","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19096712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307276","display_name":"Single-family detached home","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204312592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424011","display_name":"Storage heater","level":4,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989353520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2419918","display_name":"Heat load","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128014804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150682","display_name":"Thermal mass","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24108435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24108436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24108435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24108435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SIMULATED,":[0],"NOT":[1],"MEASURED.":[2],"A":[3],"residential":[4],"sand":[5,39],"thermal":[6],"store":[7,125],"is":[8],"designed":[9],"from":[10,44],"first":[11],"principles":[12],"for":[13,92,98],"a":[14,51,61,99],"140":[15],"m2":[16],"cold-climate":[17],"house":[18],"(5.01":[19],"kW":[20,66],"average":[21],"load":[22],"at":[23,69,73,102],"-10":[24],"C)":[25],"to":[26,47,122],"deliver":[27],"360.7":[28],"kWh":[29],"over":[30],"three":[31],"sunless":[32],"days.":[33],"It":[34],"requires":[35],"4,514":[36],"kg":[37],"of":[38,64,120],"in":[40,50,109],"2.82":[41],"m3":[42],"heated":[43],"75":[45],"C":[46],"450":[48],"C,":[49],"vessel":[52],"2.33":[53],"m":[54,58],"across":[55],"with":[56,82],"0.40":[57],"insulation":[59],"and":[60,78,96],"standing":[62],"loss":[63],"0.41":[65],"(retention":[67],"0.924":[68],"3":[70],"days,":[71],"0.243":[72],"30":[74],"days).":[75],"At":[76],"$0.17/kWh":[77],"6,000":[79],"kWh/yr":[80],"delivered":[81,86],"free":[83],"curtailed":[84],"charging,":[85,114],"heat":[87,100],"costs":[88],"$0.082/kWh":[89],"versus":[90],"$0.17":[91],"direct":[93],"electric":[94],"heating":[95],"$0.068":[97],"pump":[101],"COP":[103],"2.5.":[104],"Losing":[105],"cases":[106],"are":[107],"reported":[108],"full,":[110],"including":[111],"winter":[112],"rooftop":[113],"which":[115],"would":[116],"take":[117],"78.1":[118],"days":[119],"surplus":[121],"fill":[123],"the":[124],"once.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
