{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225753927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","title":"Quantifying AI failures for integration into physical AI reliability models","display_name":"Quantifying AI failures for integration into physical AI reliability models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225753927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188727","display_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","issn_l":"1847-6996","issn":["1847-6996","1847-7003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063161603","display_name":"Milan Z. Bjelica","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-0154","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9111-0154"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan Z. Bjelica","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department for Computer Engineering and Computer Communications"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department for Computer Engineering and Computer Communications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067760375","display_name":"Bogdan Pavkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-3740","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-3740"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Pavkovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department for Computer Engineering and Computer Communications"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department for Computer Engineering and Computer Communications","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004569154","display_name":"Denis Vranje\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-0985","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6282-0985"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51314090","display_name":"University of Osijek","ror":"https://ror.org/05sw4wc49","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51314090"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Vranje\u0161","raw_affiliation_strings":["J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51314090"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"777","last_page":"788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.725600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10780","display_name":"Reliability and Maintenance Optimization","score":0.725600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.21619999408721924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.035999998450279236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.7368999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.6388000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5475000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5285999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163164238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2737027","display_name":"Failure rate","level":2,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.508400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5078999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18074226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310986","display_name":"Reliability block diagram","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66283442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1389268","display_name":"Failure mode and effects analysis","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754940","display_name":"Mean time between failures","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201729545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability theory","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78639753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318160","display_name":"Behavioral modeling","level":2,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188727","display_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","issn_l":"1847-6996","issn":["1847-6996","1847-7003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.17.10.1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188727","display_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","issn_l":"1847-6996","issn":["1847-6996","1847-7003"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2496413842","https://openalex.org/W2906262207","https://openalex.org/W3127333363","https://openalex.org/W4281670825","https://openalex.org/W4308080363","https://openalex.org/W4322730950","https://openalex.org/W4391697038","https://openalex.org/W4393260675","https://openalex.org/W4404543294","https://openalex.org/W7166662382"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(Physical":[3],"AI)":[4],"brings":[5],"learning-enabled":[6],"functions":[7],"into":[8,84],"systems":[9,38],"that":[10,100],"interact":[11],"directly":[12],"with":[13,105,195,234],"the":[14,33,143,153,219,229,243,248],"physical":[15,34],"world.":[16],"Examples":[17],"range":[18],"from":[19],"autonomous":[20],"robots":[21],"and":[22,28,53,76,198,222,239,245],"mobile":[23],"platforms":[24],"to":[25,149,152,166,216],"industrial":[26],"machinery":[27],"road":[29],"vehicles.":[30],"Reliability":[31],"of":[32,36,58,96,118,129,156,224,232,247],"part":[35],"such":[37],"is":[39,61,112,132,147,214],"commonly":[40],"addressed":[41],"using":[42],"established":[43],"methods":[44],"based":[45],"on":[46],"failure":[47,111,145,154],"rates,":[48],"reliability":[49,87,107,160,191],"models,":[50],"diagnostics,":[51],"redundancy,":[52],"common-cause":[54],"analysis.":[55],"The":[56,127],"behavior":[57],"AI":[59,97,110,159,168,184,202,235],"components":[60,185],"treated":[62],"differently.":[63],"AI-related":[64],"failures":[65,99,172],"are":[66,204],"usually":[67],"evaluated":[68],"through":[69],"testing,":[70],"scenario":[71],"coverage,":[72],"verification,":[73],"operational":[74],"monitoring,":[75],"safety":[77],"argumentation,":[78],"which":[79],"makes":[80,163],"their":[81],"direct":[82],"integration":[83],"classical":[85],"system":[86],"models":[88],"difficult.":[89],"This":[90,162],"paper":[91],"proposes":[92],"a":[93,135,139,211],"quantitative":[94],"representation":[95],"behavioral":[98,169,207],"can":[101,186],"be":[102,150,188],"used":[103],"together":[104,194],"conventional":[106,199],"engineering.":[108],"An":[109],"defined":[113],"as":[114,206],"an":[115,119,157],"observed":[116],"violation":[117],"allocated":[120],"automation":[121],"task":[122],"under":[123],"specified":[124],"operating":[125],"conditions.":[126],"occurrence":[128],"these":[130],"violations":[131],"represented":[133,205],"by":[134],"counting":[136],"process.":[137],"Under":[138],"non-homogeneous":[140],"Poisson":[141],"model,":[142],"corresponding":[144],"frequency":[146],"shown":[148],"equal":[151],"rate":[155],"equivalent":[158,179],"block.":[161],"it":[164],"possible":[165],"express":[167],"performance":[170],"in":[171,178,190,228],"per":[173],"hour":[174],"and,":[175],"where":[176],"useful,":[177],"PFH":[180],"or":[181],"FIT":[182],"units.":[183],"consequently":[187],"included":[189],"block":[192],"diagrams":[193],"hardware,":[196],"mechanical,":[197],"control-system":[200],"components.":[201],"updates":[203],"renewal":[208],"epochs,":[209],"while":[210],"\u03b2AI":[212],"factor":[213],"introduced":[215],"account":[217],"for":[218],"continuous":[220],"monitoring":[221],"inclusion":[223],"edge":[225],"cases":[226],"appearing":[227],"long":[230],"tail":[231],"distribution":[233],"verification.":[236],"Analytical":[237],"derivation":[238],"representative":[240],"examples":[241],"illustrate":[242],"applicability":[244],"limitations":[246],"proposed":[249],"approach.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}