{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225753756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","title":"Variability of Geotechnical Parameters and Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the CBR of Lateritic Gravels for road construction in Tropical Regions","display_name":"Variability of Geotechnical Parameters and Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting the CBR of Lateritic Gravels for road construction in Tropical Regions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225753756","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161375291","display_name":"Carole Pierre Ongobassomben","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carole Pierre Ongobassomben","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017583432","display_name":"Sylvie D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Noa Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-3707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-3707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvie D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Noa Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003906131","display_name":"Aloys Thierry Ndzi\u00e9 Mvindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3544-3234","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3544-3234"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263204","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bertoua","ror":"https://ror.org/03wg5vy88","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405263204"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aloys Thierry Ndzi\u00e9 Mvindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Bertoua"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Bertoua","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405263204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003927359","display_name":"Christophe Enock Embom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-5444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-5444"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christophe Enock Embom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161368253","display_name":"Mich\u00e8le Stella Ngono Mbenti Emvana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mich\u00e8le Stella Ngono Mbenti Emvana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004224095","display_name":"Arnaud Ngo\u2019o Ze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-9496","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-9496"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnaud Ngo'o Ze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088648887","display_name":"Vincent Laurent Onana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-7065","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-7065"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331070479","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","ror":"https://ror.org/022zbs961","country_code":"CM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}],"countries":["CM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Laurent Onana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Yaound\u00e9 I","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331070479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13236","display_name":"Geotechnical and construction materials studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37646163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026797","display_name":"California bearing ratio","level":3,"score":0.7767000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182377489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337829","display_name":"Subgrade","level":2,"score":0.6517999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70940072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739990","display_name":"Subbase","level":5,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196715460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414356","display_name":"Compaction","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4068000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.39160001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32277403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740445","display_name":"Ridge","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780150128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21948731","display_name":"Extreme learning machine","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128990827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192830","display_name":"Coefficient of determination","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188154048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803609","display_name":"Mean absolute error","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149769383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520804","display_name":"Simple linear regression","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017560084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442","display_name":"Road construction","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180851071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Subsidence","level":3,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11485401/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981462066","https://openalex.org/W1986908413","https://openalex.org/W2004295800","https://openalex.org/W2005050337","https://openalex.org/W2009927598","https://openalex.org/W2018799841","https://openalex.org/W2033882123","https://openalex.org/W2053847508","https://openalex.org/W2085368433","https://openalex.org/W2207037854","https://openalex.org/W2560437958","https://openalex.org/W2566901395","https://openalex.org/W2748605647","https://openalex.org/W2804816430","https://openalex.org/W2809467910","https://openalex.org/W2902917384","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916895385","https://openalex.org/W2922712620","https://openalex.org/W2943296261","https://openalex.org/W2954352036","https://openalex.org/W2965030991","https://openalex.org/W3038526966","https://openalex.org/W3045040272","https://openalex.org/W3164557495","https://openalex.org/W3170958317","https://openalex.org/W3210441374","https://openalex.org/W4244230525","https://openalex.org/W4312697930","https://openalex.org/W4318033589","https://openalex.org/W4360615781","https://openalex.org/W4388492086","https://openalex.org/W4400074834","https://openalex.org/W4402346891","https://openalex.org/W4403254068","https://openalex.org/W4404537648","https://openalex.org/W4407041196","https://openalex.org/W4408345417","https://openalex.org/W4408954376","https://openalex.org/W4412045766","https://openalex.org/W4412611224","https://openalex.org/W7151907175"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"aimed":[3],"to":[4,19,130,146,173,206,223],"determine":[5],"the":[6,26,39,67,84,148,151,167,190,195,235,240,243],"geotechnical":[7],"characteristics":[8],"and":[9,17,55,58,77,92,101,110,140,161,178,216,221,231],"variability":[10],"of":[11,33,66,133],"lateritic":[12],"gravels":[13],"in":[14,43,104,124,242],"tropical":[15],"environments,":[16],"then":[18],"compare":[20],"Machine":[21],"Learning":[22],"Algorithms":[23],"for":[24,97,106,114,238],"predicting":[25,239],"California":[27],"Bearing":[28],"Ratio":[29],"(CBR).":[30],"A":[31],"total":[32],"159":[34],"samples":[35],"were":[36,60,118,144,164,183,234],"collected":[37],"along":[38],"Esse\u2013Soa":[40],"road":[41],"section":[42],"Central":[44],"Cameroon.":[45],"The":[46,62],"specific":[47],"gravity,":[48],"particle":[49],"size":[50],"distribution":[51],"(PSD),":[52],"plasticity,":[53],"derived":[54,232],"compaction":[56],"parameters,":[57],"CBR":[59,93,149,241],"determined.":[61],"studied":[63,244],"materials":[64],"consist":[65],"<":[68],"2":[69,227],"mm":[70],"fraction":[71],"(14.6\u201399.4%),":[72],"skeleton":[73],"(0.6\u201385.4%),":[74],"mortar":[75],"(12.3\u201384.6%),":[76],"fines":[78],"(7.3\u201364%).":[79],"They":[80,169],"are":[81],"based":[82,188],"on":[83,189],"Maximum":[85],"Dry":[86],"Density":[87],"(1.62\u20132.16":[88],"g/cm":[89],"3":[90],")":[91],"(12\u201394%)":[94],"values,":[95,220],"suitable":[96,237],"use":[98],"as":[99,111,194],"subgrade":[100],"subbase":[102],"layers":[103,113],"pavements":[105],"all":[107],"traffic":[108],"types,":[109],"base":[112],"light":[115],"traffics.":[116],"Data":[117],"analyzed":[119],"using":[120],"descriptive":[121],"statistics,":[122],"resulting":[123],"scattered":[125],"data,":[126],"characterized":[127,203],"by":[128,204],"low":[129,205,208],"high":[131,222,225],"coefficients":[132],"variation":[134],"(4\u201343%).":[135],"Simple":[136],"linear":[137,160],"regressions":[138,163,182],"(SLR)":[139],"principal":[141],"component":[142],"analysis":[143],"performed":[145,165],"predict":[147],"from":[150],"other":[152],"variables.":[153],"No":[154],"significant":[155],"correlation":[156],"was":[157],"observed.":[158],"Multiple":[159],"ridge":[162],"following":[166],"SLR.":[168],"also":[170,184],"turned":[171],"out":[172],"be":[174],"limited.":[175],"Random":[176],"forest":[177],"support":[179],"vector":[180],"machine":[181],"implemented.":[185],"These":[186],"methods,":[187],"same":[191],"evaluation":[192],"criteria":[193],"previous":[196],"learning":[197],"techniques,":[198],"produced":[199],"successively":[200],"satisfactory":[201],"models,":[202],"very":[207,224],"Mean":[209,213,217],"Squared":[210,214],"Error,":[211,215],"Root":[212],"Absolute":[218],"Error":[219],"R":[226],"values":[228],"(0.85\u20130.94).":[229],"PSD":[230],"parameters":[233],"most":[236],"materials.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
