{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225752795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","title":"PM\u2082.\u2085 Concentrations among Rural Biomass-Fuel and Urban Mixed-Fuel Households in Eastern Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"PM\u2082.\u2085 Concentrations among Rural Biomass-Fuel and Urban Mixed-Fuel Households in Eastern Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225752795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161377889","display_name":"Solomon Tassew Seboka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solomon Tassew Seboka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haramaya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haramaya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108056178","display_name":"Alemayehu Worku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-4236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-4236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alemayehu Worku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Addis Ababa University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Addis Ababa University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015111963","display_name":"Kedir Teji Roba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6227-9594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6227-9594","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0805-3460"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kedir Teji Roba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haramaya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haramaya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159386678","display_name":"Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-8979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-8979"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tesfaye Assebe Yadeta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haramaya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haramaya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088721055","display_name":"Ebba Malmqvist","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-9789","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5043-9789"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ebba Malmqvist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University. LUND city"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University. LUND city","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071430481","display_name":"Christina Isaxon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-4017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9105-4017"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christina Isaxon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lund University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lund University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076303798","display_name":"Tesfaye Gobena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-5762","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-5762"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153487414","display_name":"Haramaya University","ror":"https://ror.org/059yk7s89","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tesfaye Gobena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haramaya University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haramaya University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153487414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11336","display_name":"Energy and Environment Impacts","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11002","display_name":"Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.5501000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9777977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146575","display_name":"Dry season","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994082534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural population","level":3,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52322663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3117517","display_name":"Wet season","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11347383/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968759988","https://openalex.org/W1969620109","https://openalex.org/W2043732029","https://openalex.org/W2045202526","https://openalex.org/W2053360171","https://openalex.org/W2127514732","https://openalex.org/W2159498276","https://openalex.org/W2161851816","https://openalex.org/W2170647316","https://openalex.org/W2177101396","https://openalex.org/W2739538023","https://openalex.org/W2801959627","https://openalex.org/W2906135971","https://openalex.org/W2940767762","https://openalex.org/W2944912517","https://openalex.org/W2981848418","https://openalex.org/W2996479812","https://openalex.org/W3040489354","https://openalex.org/W3109504479","https://openalex.org/W3120846018","https://openalex.org/W3154533569","https://openalex.org/W3177167767","https://openalex.org/W3177891837","https://openalex.org/W3209378719","https://openalex.org/W3212201209","https://openalex.org/W4225691617","https://openalex.org/W4304165741","https://openalex.org/W4309345634","https://openalex.org/W4387389471","https://openalex.org/W4387694598","https://openalex.org/W4410094632"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Household":[2,409],"air":[3],"pollution":[4],"is":[5],"an":[6,218,523],"important":[7],"source":[8],"of":[9,31,98,222,242,285,309,369,471,483],"exposure":[10,502],"to":[11,124,173,184,272,280,302,361,402,474],"fine":[12],"particulate":[13],"matter":[14],"(PM\u2082.\u2085),":[15],"particularly":[16,416],"in":[17,43,68,81,201,205,257,441],"households":[18,80,100,233,244,345,352,419],"that":[19],"rely":[20],"on":[21,421],"solid":[22],"fuels":[23,236,423],"and":[24,35,38,52,57,62,84,92,103,133,157,164,168,176,237,424,444,459,478,482,486,504],"traditional":[25],"cooking":[26,250,476,480],"technologies.":[27],"However,":[28],"direct":[29],"measurements":[30,151],"household":[32,48,129,189,491],"PM\u2082.\u2085":[33,50,66,109,138,190,196,262,332,392,411,454,492],"concentrations":[34,51,110,139,298,348,375,393,412],"their":[36,248],"temporal":[37,487],"seasonal":[39,60,177,485],"variability":[40,488],"remain":[41],"limited":[42],"Ethiopia.":[44,70],"This":[45],"study":[46,76],"assessed":[47,148],"kitchen":[49,410],"examined":[53],"differences":[54],"between":[55,130],"rural":[56,83,102,156,202,232,260,324,418,443],"urban":[58,85,206,243,295,445],"households,":[59],"variation,":[61],"factors":[63,186],"associated":[64,187,330,372,389],"with":[65,188,217,305,331,373,390,433,453],"concentration":[67,197,263,333],"Eastern":[69],"Methods":[71],"A":[72,96],"community-based":[73],"comparative":[74],"cross-sectional":[75],"was":[77,147,182,198,326,371,388,517,522],"conducted":[78],"among":[79,417],"selected":[82],"kebeles":[86],"under":[87],"the":[88,253,269,276,319,327,438,450,469],"Haramaya":[89],"University":[90],"Health":[91],"Demographic":[93],"Surveillance":[94],"System.":[95],"total":[97],"923":[99],"(573":[101],"350":[104],"urban)":[105,159],"were":[106,111,140,171,413],"included.":[107],"Kitchen":[108],"measured":[112],"continuously":[113],"using":[114,149],"20":[115],"PurpleAir":[116],"II-Secure":[117],"Digital":[118],"(SD)":[119],"optical":[120],"sensors":[121],"for":[122],"three":[123],"five":[125],"consecutive":[126],"days":[127],"per":[128],"January":[131],"2023":[132],"December":[134],"2024.":[135],"Twenty-four-hour":[136],"mean":[137,194,220,261,282,297,307],"calculated":[141],"from":[142,152,265,300],"minute-level":[143],"measurements.":[144],"Seasonal":[145],"variation":[146],"repeated":[150],"96":[153,254],"kitchens":[154,203,207,255],"(60":[155],"36":[158],"monitored":[160,256],"during":[161,268,275,437],"both":[162,258,442],"wet":[163,277,439],"dry":[165,270],"seasons.":[166],"Independent":[167],"paired":[169],"t-tests":[170],"used":[172,183,234,245],"compare":[174],"rural\u2013urban":[175],"concentrations,":[178],"respectively.":[179],"Kernel":[180],"regression":[181,322],"assess":[185],"concentrations.":[191],"Results":[192],"The":[193,466],"24-hour":[195],"substantially":[199,430],"higher":[200,374,435],"than":[204,349],"(473":[208],"\u00b1":[209,214],"255":[210],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3":[211,224,267,274,287,311],"versus":[212],"80":[213],"92":[215],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3),":[216],"observed":[219],"difference":[221,284,308],"393":[223],"(95%":[225,288,312],"CI:":[226,289,313,339,359,381,400],"370\u2013416;":[227],"p":[228,291,315,341,364,383,405],"<":[229,292,316,342,406],"0.0001).":[230,293,317],"All":[231],"unclean":[235,422],"open-fire":[238,425],"stoves,":[239],"whereas":[240],"58.3%":[241],"electricity":[246],"as":[247],"primary":[249],"fuel.":[251],"Among":[252],"seasons,":[259],"increased":[264,299],"343":[266],"season":[271,440],"732":[273],"season,":[278,432],"corresponding":[279],"a":[281,306],"within-kitchen":[283],"388":[286],"348\u2013430;":[290],"In":[294,318],"kitchens,":[296],"47":[301],"105":[303],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3,":[304],"59":[310],"39\u201378;":[314],"adjusted":[320],"kernel":[321],"model,":[323],"residence":[325,448],"strongest":[328,451],"factor":[329],"(estimate":[334,353,376,394],"=":[335,354,365,377,384,395],"383.21":[336],"\u00b5g/m\u00b3;":[337,357,379,398],"95%":[338,358,380,399],"357.52\u2013406.65;":[340],"0.001).":[343,407],"Rich":[344],"had":[346],"lower":[347,391],"very":[350,414],"poor":[351],"\u2212":[355,362,396,403],"7.80":[356],"\u221214.62":[360],"0.84;":[363],"0.031),":[366],"while":[367,456],"lack":[368],"ventilation":[370],"4.81":[378],"0.30\u20139.46;":[382],"0.040).":[385],"Clean-fuel":[386],"use":[387],"4.12":[397],"\u22126.48":[401],"2.07;":[404],"Conclusion":[408],"high,":[415],"relying":[420],"cooking.":[426],"Concentrations":[427],"also":[428],"varied":[429],"by":[431],"markedly":[434],"levels":[436],"kitchens.":[446],"Rural":[447],"showed":[449,462],"association":[452],"concentration,":[455],"wealth,":[457],"ventilation,":[458],"fuel":[460],"type":[461],"smaller":[463],"independent":[464],"associations.":[465],"findings":[467],"highlight":[468],"importance":[470],"expanding":[472],"access":[473],"clean":[475],"energy":[477],"appropriate":[479],"technologies":[481],"considering":[484],"when":[489],"assessing":[490],"concentration.":[493],"Future":[494],"research":[495],"should":[496],"incorporate":[497],"longer":[498],"monitoring":[499],"periods,":[500],"personal":[501],"assessment,":[503],"validation":[505],"against":[506],"reference":[507],"or":[508],"gravimetric":[509],"instruments.":[510],"Clinical":[511,514],"Trial":[512],"Registration":[513],"trial":[515],"registration":[516],"not":[518],"applicable":[519],"because":[520],"this":[521],"observational":[524],"household-based":[525],"study.":[526]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
