{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225751796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","title":"Smart Geospatial Analytics for Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Futures: Urban Heat Islands and Hotspots Mapping in Greater Francistown City, Botswana","display_name":"Smart Geospatial Analytics for Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Futures: Urban Heat Islands and Hotspots Mapping in Greater Francistown City, Botswana","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225751796","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025144668","display_name":"Bongayi Kudoma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-5417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-5417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bongayi Kudoma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Witwatersrand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Witwatersrand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025144668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13909","display_name":"Environmental Quality and Pollution","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.849399983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54005896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215712","display_name":"Urban heat island","level":2,"score":0.664900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.5105999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780039742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900159","display_name":"Urban resilience","level":3,"score":0.47760000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.4740000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120938966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275845","display_name":"Digital Earth","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158049464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075337","display_name":"Urban climate","level":3,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39739999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780057273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427027","display_name":"Green infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.34779998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779507241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072637","display_name":"Climate resilience","level":3,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780032489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652360","display_name":"Sustainable city","level":3,"score":0.3000999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20664614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067951","display_name":"Urban ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148803439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4986688","display_name":"Built environment","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780210234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422638","display_name":"Action plan","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48799325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900104","display_name":"Urban climatology","level":4,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11272684/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1665752722","https://openalex.org/W1988676081","https://openalex.org/W2001564322","https://openalex.org/W2040711983","https://openalex.org/W2058529145","https://openalex.org/W2067542652","https://openalex.org/W2162063693","https://openalex.org/W2163627290","https://openalex.org/W2269993870","https://openalex.org/W2590155456","https://openalex.org/W2597019593","https://openalex.org/W2762840059","https://openalex.org/W2791437969","https://openalex.org/W2795486005","https://openalex.org/W2797669268","https://openalex.org/W2799416401","https://openalex.org/W2801439946","https://openalex.org/W2803234898","https://openalex.org/W2905227162","https://openalex.org/W2907481057","https://openalex.org/W2927135983","https://openalex.org/W2954178072","https://openalex.org/W2981112003","https://openalex.org/W2988553634","https://openalex.org/W2989505832","https://openalex.org/W3000556544","https://openalex.org/W3031460843","https://openalex.org/W3035169909","https://openalex.org/W3082766779","https://openalex.org/W3100690219","https://openalex.org/W3112512025","https://openalex.org/W3112952261","https://openalex.org/W3125932553","https://openalex.org/W3134071763","https://openalex.org/W3153544187","https://openalex.org/W3153724049","https://openalex.org/W3185414859","https://openalex.org/W3201381455","https://openalex.org/W3203391155","https://openalex.org/W4200279142","https://openalex.org/W4200356493","https://openalex.org/W4213044922","https://openalex.org/W4213169027","https://openalex.org/W4221133463","https://openalex.org/W4254668290","https://openalex.org/W4281663453","https://openalex.org/W4281796090","https://openalex.org/W4283362615","https://openalex.org/W4283727199","https://openalex.org/W4291023086","https://openalex.org/W4292553460","https://openalex.org/W4313244150","https://openalex.org/W4319316581","https://openalex.org/W4319793181","https://openalex.org/W4321501523","https://openalex.org/W4379647613","https://openalex.org/W4385232906","https://openalex.org/W4390538459","https://openalex.org/W4394615647","https://openalex.org/W4401240359","https://openalex.org/W4404932504","https://openalex.org/W4413910754","https://openalex.org/W4414820965","https://openalex.org/W4415629291","https://openalex.org/W4415719549","https://openalex.org/W4415812806","https://openalex.org/W4415963055","https://openalex.org/W7122744664","https://openalex.org/W7142731855"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Urban":[1,111],"Heat":[2],"Islands":[3],"(UHI)":[4],"are":[5],"critical":[6],"indicators":[7],"of":[8,16,40,136,181],"urban":[9,44,80,88,153,175],"climate":[10,29,73,147,167,197,217],"change":[11],"in":[12,47,87,99,104,107,118,123,145,199],"rapidly":[13],"urbanising":[14],"regions":[15],"the":[17,34,41,134,179,211,223],"Global":[18,207],"South.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,156],"applied":[22],"smart":[23,142],"geospatial":[24,159],"analytics":[25,161],"and":[26,43,53,61,78,128,141,150,162,195,219,227,230,246],"remote":[27],"sensing-based":[28],"information":[30,168],"systems":[31],"to":[32,71,101,120,188,222,237],"analyse":[33],"spatial":[35],"distribution,":[36],"intensity,":[37],"temporal":[38],"dynamics":[39],"UHI":[42,92,239],"hotspot":[45,112],"effects":[46],"Greater":[48,203],"Francistown":[49,204],"City":[50],"between":[51],"2014":[52],"2023.":[54],"Using":[55],"Landsat":[56],"8":[57],"Operational":[58],"Land":[59,66],"Imager":[60],"Thermal":[62],"Infrared":[63],"Sensor":[64],"data,":[65],"Surface":[67],"Temperature":[68],"was":[69],"derived":[70],"support":[72],"monitoring,":[74,220],"resilient":[75],"infrastructure":[76],"planning,":[77],"climate-responsive":[79],"design.":[81],"Results":[82],"reveal":[83],"notable":[84],"spatiotemporal":[85],"variability":[86],"thermal":[89],"patterns,":[90],"with":[91],"intensity":[93],"showing":[94],"fluctuations":[95],"from":[96,115],"6.05":[97],"km\u00b2":[98,103,117,122],"2016":[100,119],"4.71":[102],"2019,":[105],"concentrated":[106],"densely":[108],"built-up":[109],"areas.":[110],"precincts":[113],"increased":[114],"1.59":[116],"2.44":[121],"2023,":[124],"reflecting":[125],"land-use":[126],"transformation":[127],"vegetation":[129],"loss.":[130],"These":[131],"findings":[132,212],"highlight":[133],"role":[135],"digital":[137,214],"environmental":[138,193],"monitoring":[139],"tools":[140],"city":[143],"approaches":[144,184],"identifying":[146],"risk":[148],"zones":[149],"supporting":[151],"evidence-based":[152],"planning.":[154],"The":[155],"demonstrates":[157],"how":[158],"data":[160],"Earth":[163],"observation":[164],"technologies":[165],"enhance":[166],"systems,":[169],"providing":[170],"actionable":[171],"insights":[172],"for":[173,216,248],"sustainable":[174,231],"development.":[176],"It":[177],"underscores":[178],"integration":[180],"smart,":[182,229],"data-driven":[183],"into":[185,241],"planning":[186],"frameworks":[187],"mitigate":[189],"heat":[190],"stress,":[191],"improve":[192],"quality,":[194],"strengthen":[196],"resilience":[198],"semi-arid":[200],"cities.":[201],"Positioning":[202],"as":[205],"a":[206],"South":[208],"case":[209],"study,":[210],"advance":[213],"solutions":[215],"modelling":[218],"contributing":[221],"Sustainable":[224],"Development":[225],"Goals":[226],"climate-resilient,":[228],"futures.":[232],"Policy":[233],"action":[234],"is":[235],"recommended":[236],"embed":[238],"mitigation":[240],"zoning":[242],"regulations,":[243],"building":[244],"standards,":[245],"incentives":[247],"heat-resilient":[249],"infrastructure.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}