{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225751568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","title":"Command Responsibility Beyond Hierarchy: Organizational Knowledge, Effective Control, and the Evidentiary Reconstruction of Superior Omission in International Criminal Law","display_name":"Command Responsibility Beyond Hierarchy: Organizational Knowledge, Effective Control, and the Evidentiary Reconstruction of Superior Omission in International Criminal Law","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225751568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133971988","display_name":"Pommier Gallo, PhD., Sergio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7387-3943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7387-3943"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Pommier Gallo, PhD.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7387-3943","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133971988"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10749","display_name":"International Law and Human Rights","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14492","display_name":"War, Law, and Justice","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6671000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83645499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285466","display_name":"Punitive damages","level":2,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412224","display_name":"Tribunal","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10347200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960297","display_name":"Hindsight bias","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780461701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748811","display_name":"Substantive law","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569","display_name":"Treaty","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936044","display_name":"Procedural law","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780492140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4066779","display_name":"Undoing","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.34969852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Command":[0],"responsibility":[1,103],"occupies":[2],"a":[3,17,32,54,213],"distinctive":[4],"position":[5],"in":[6,74],"international":[7,87],"criminal":[8,14,88],"law":[9],"because":[10],"it":[11],"addresses":[12],"the":[13,43,61,75,114,119,127,164,167,170,175,179,228,236],"significance":[15],"of":[16,45,116,123,130,166,169,195,221,230,239],"superior's":[18],"failure":[19,156],"to":[20,40,67,142,208,227],"exercise":[21],"control":[22],"over":[23],"subordinate":[24],"forces":[25],"or":[26,65,132],"personnel.":[27],"Its":[28],"application,":[29],"however,":[30],"raises":[31],"persistent":[33],"evidentiary":[34,95,139],"difficulty:":[35],"organizational":[36,90,124,149],"hierarchy,":[37],"institutional":[38,155],"access":[39],"information,":[41,125],"and":[42,94,121,126,154,178,186,197,217,235],"commission":[44],"crimes":[46],"by":[47],"subordinates":[48],"do":[49],"not":[50],"necessarily":[51],"establish":[52],"that":[53,70,80,101,201],"particular":[55,225],"superior":[56,102,222],"possessed":[57],"effective":[58,117],"control,":[59,118],"acquired":[60],"legally":[62],"required":[63],"knowledge,":[64,153],"failed":[66],"take":[68],"measures":[69],"were":[71],"genuinely":[72],"available":[73],"circumstances.":[76],"This":[77],"article":[78,136],"examines":[79,163],"difficulty":[81],"through":[82,107],"an":[83,138],"interdisciplinary":[84],"framework":[85,190],"combining":[86],"doctrine,":[89],"criminology,":[91],"behavioral":[92],"psychology,":[93],"analysis.":[96],"The":[97,135,188],"central":[98],"argument":[99],"is":[100],"must":[104],"be":[105],"reconstructed":[106],"three":[108],"analytically":[109],"independent":[110],"but":[111],"interconnected":[112],"dimensions:":[113],"architecture":[115],"transmission":[120],"interpretation":[122],"practical":[128],"availability":[129],"preventive":[131],"punitive":[133],"measures.":[134],"develops":[137],"model":[140],"designed":[141],"distinguish":[143],"formal":[144],"authority":[145],"from":[146,151,157],"operational":[147],"capacity,":[148],"information":[150,233],"individual":[152],"personally":[158],"attributable":[159,219],"omission.":[160],"It":[161,210],"also":[162],"implications":[165],"jurisprudence":[168],"International":[171,180],"Criminal":[172,181],"Tribunal":[173],"for":[174,212],"former":[176],"Yugoslavia":[177],"Court,":[182],"particularly":[183],"\u010celebi\u0107i,":[184],"Halilovi\u0107,":[185],"Bemba.":[187],"proposed":[189],"rejects":[191],"both":[192],"hierarchical":[193],"presumptions":[194],"guilt":[196],"excessively":[198],"restrictive":[199],"approaches":[200],"make":[202],"organizationally":[203],"mediated":[204],"knowledge":[205],"practically":[206],"impossible":[207],"prove.":[209],"argues":[211],"contextual,":[214],"temporally":[215],"sensitive,":[216],"individually":[218],"assessment":[220],"omission,":[223],"with":[224],"attention":[226],"risks":[229],"hindsight":[231],"reasoning,":[232],"fragmentation,":[234],"retrospective":[237],"reconstruction":[238],"command":[240],"capacity.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}