{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225745052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","title":"Fine-Tuned CodeBERT for Web Threat Classification using Agentic Reasoning","display_name":"Fine-Tuned CodeBERT for Web Threat Classification using Agentic Reasoning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225745052","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161381960","display_name":"Oybek Zokirjonov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61600748","display_name":"Westminster International University in Tashkent","ror":"https://ror.org/032vgar48","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61600748"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oybek Zokirjonov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westminster International University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westminster International University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61600748"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063318135","display_name":"Zahid Hussain Qaisar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-9131","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-9131"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61600748","display_name":"Westminster International University in Tashkent","ror":"https://ror.org/032vgar48","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61600748"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Hussain Qaisar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Westminster International University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Westminster International University in Tashkent, Tashkent, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61600748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61600748"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.36959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156731835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751740","display_name":"Memory leak","level":4,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989486834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"True positive rate","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11660479/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1658853941","https://openalex.org/W2020018978","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2117897510","https://openalex.org/W2137591261","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2773446523","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2980708516","https://openalex.org/W2999097465","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3183794086","https://openalex.org/W4293662156","https://openalex.org/W4391047286","https://openalex.org/W4400812558","https://openalex.org/W4410739730","https://openalex.org/W4415643577","https://openalex.org/W7167031436","https://openalex.org/W7204888894"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"SQL":[1],"injection":[2],"(SQLi)":[3],"and":[4,24,30,54,60,84,96],"cross-site":[5],"scripting":[6],"(XSS)":[7],"are":[8],"among":[9],"the":[10,33,81,122],"most":[11,31],"serious":[12],"vulnerabilities":[13],"of":[14,69,88],"web":[15,112],"applications.":[16],"Existing":[17],"detection":[18],"approaches":[19],"often":[20],"need":[21],"considerable":[22],"time":[23,93],"memory":[25],"to":[26,46,78],"reach":[27],"high":[28],"accuracy,":[29],"treat":[32],"two":[34],"attacks":[35,49,105],"separately.":[36],"We":[37],"fine-tune":[38],"CodeBERT,":[39],"a":[40,85],"transformer":[41],"pre-trained":[42],"on":[43],"source":[44],"code,":[45],"detect":[47],"both":[48,104],"from":[50],"raw":[51],"payload":[52],"text":[53],"compare":[55],"it":[56],"with":[57],"BERT-base,":[58],"RoBERTa-base":[59],"DistilBERT":[61],"under":[62],"one":[63],"identical":[64],"configuration.":[65],"CodeBERT":[66],"misclassified":[67],"7":[68],"6,259":[70],"test":[71],"samples":[72],"(error":[73],"rate":[74],"0.11%),":[75],"against":[76],"0.13%":[77],"0.19%":[79],"for":[80],"other":[82],"models,":[83],"shorter":[86],"input":[87],"64":[89],"tokens":[90],"cut":[91],"training":[92],"by":[94,98],"42%":[95],"latency":[97],"46%.":[99],"One":[100],"model":[101],"therefore":[102],"covers":[103],"at":[106],"low":[107],"cost,":[108],"which":[109],"suits":[110],"lightweight":[111],"application":[113],"firewalls;":[114],"this":[115],"binary":[116],"(benign":[117],"vs.":[118],"malicious)":[119],"study":[120],"is":[121],"first":[123],"step":[124],"towards":[125],"attack-type":[126],"classification.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
