{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225744620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","title":"In Situ Displacement Reaction Enables a Conductive Metallized Hydrogel Interface for Smart Underwater Flexible Electronics","display_name":"In Situ Displacement Reaction Enables a Conductive Metallized Hydrogel Interface for Smart Underwater Flexible Electronics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225744620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43007073"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsami.6c16654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164001016","display_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","issn_l":"1944-8244","issn":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070750681","display_name":"Wenhao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1807-7630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1807-7630","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5242-7710","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8864-0082"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152616229","display_name":"Xudong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7203-8427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7203-8427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044345166","display_name":"Yang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-7598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7746-7598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161407920","display_name":"Zijin Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111058251","display_name":"Bingqian Jiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingqian Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161401622","display_name":"Luna Peng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luna Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060851348","display_name":"Lulu Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8454-1546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8454-1546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lulu Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108712424","display_name":"Yinghui Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4944-4331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4944-4331"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yinghui Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4944-4331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035869743","display_name":"Qigang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4026-3337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4026-3337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qigang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongji University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4026-3337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongji University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035869743","https://openalex.org/A5108712424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11523","display_name":"Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.7085999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84967400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066289","display_name":"Flexible electronics","level":2,"score":0.5523999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.4749000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.39969998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779989194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343016","display_name":"Acrylate","level":4,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170029824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421690","display_name":"PEDOT:PSS","level":3,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777822432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216681","display_name":"In situ","level":2,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131540310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907564","display_name":"Conductivity","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90130585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14378123","display_name":"Electronic skin","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112950240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76005","display_name":"Ultimate tensile strength","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69990965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65402698","display_name":"Electrical resistivity and conductivity","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94857076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106603432","display_name":"Electrical resistance and conductance","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781196758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623486","display_name":"Stretchable electronics","level":3,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81060104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11653","display_name":"Electronic component","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134514944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817136","display_name":"Wetting","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45206210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2415817","display_name":"Nanoscopic scale","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154256306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41795528","display_name":"Inert","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513720949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778729","display_name":"Carbon nanotube","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsami.6c16654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c16654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164001016","display_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","issn_l":"1944-8244","issn":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43007073","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43007073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2989803300","https://openalex.org/W3002530313","https://openalex.org/W3012620000","https://openalex.org/W3018423233","https://openalex.org/W3104035922","https://openalex.org/W3134259965","https://openalex.org/W4282958798","https://openalex.org/W4292230157","https://openalex.org/W4295499336","https://openalex.org/W4300861388","https://openalex.org/W4317717690","https://openalex.org/W4319461915","https://openalex.org/W4366338460","https://openalex.org/W4382502163","https://openalex.org/W4385286939","https://openalex.org/W4387955520","https://openalex.org/W4390717509","https://openalex.org/W4391427466","https://openalex.org/W4391477060","https://openalex.org/W4391876093","https://openalex.org/W4392014329","https://openalex.org/W4392588729","https://openalex.org/W4393025034","https://openalex.org/W4393092333","https://openalex.org/W4394008489","https://openalex.org/W4396583674","https://openalex.org/W4399604592","https://openalex.org/W4400109942","https://openalex.org/W4400294070","https://openalex.org/W4403294820","https://openalex.org/W4404236466","https://openalex.org/W4408251615","https://openalex.org/W4412053093","https://openalex.org/W4413968419","https://openalex.org/W4415056566","https://openalex.org/W7118080864","https://openalex.org/W7128725545","https://openalex.org/W7137067372","https://openalex.org/W7141609639"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"wearable":[1],"sensing":[2,82,95,138],"is":[3,99,140],"severely":[4],"hampered":[5],"by":[6],"the":[7,75],"intrinsic":[8],"drawbacks":[9],"of":[10,37,51,145],"conventional":[11],"materials,":[12],"including":[13,84],"water":[14],"absorption,":[15],"swelling,":[16],"and":[17,41,54,67,91,107,114,149,162,167,173],"electrical":[18,42],"drift":[19],"during":[20,44],"long-term":[21,45],"immersion.":[22,47],"Here,":[23],"we":[24],"develop":[25],"an":[26,62,70,102],"anti-swelling":[27,59],"hydrogel":[28,78,154],"with":[29],"a":[30,92,129,135,159],"surface-metallized":[31],"layer,":[32],"which":[33],"achieves":[34,122],"strong":[35],"stability":[36],"both":[38,171],"mechanical":[39,81],"structure":[40],"conductivity":[43],"underwater":[46,146],"The":[48,77,97],"precise":[49],"regulation":[50],"hydrophilic":[52],"acrylamide":[53],"hydrophobic":[55],"butyl":[56],"acrylate":[57],"enables":[58],"performance,":[60,83],"while":[61],"in-situ":[63],"displacement":[64],"reaction":[65],"conveniently":[66],"readily":[68],"constructs":[69],"interfacial":[71],"silver":[72],"layer":[73],"on":[74],"hydrogel.":[76],"exhibits":[79],"remarkable":[80],"high":[85],"pressure":[86],"sensitivity,":[87],"fast":[88],"response/recovery":[89],"times,":[90],"broad":[93],"tensile":[94],"range.":[96],"sensor":[98,155],"integrated":[100],"into":[101],"electronic":[103,120],"skin":[104,121],"for":[105,142,165],"motion":[106],"physiological":[108],"monitoring":[109,144],"(joint":[110],"bending,":[111],"respiration,":[112],"electromyography,":[113],"electrocardiography).":[115],"With":[116],"AI":[117],"assistance,":[118],"this":[119],"93.75%":[123],"accuracy":[124],"in":[125,170],"handwriting":[126],"recognition":[127],"via":[128],"ProbSparse":[130],"Transformer":[131],"model.":[132],"More":[133],"importantly,":[134],"waterproof":[136],"multichannel":[137],"system":[139],"constructed":[141],"real-time":[143],"finger":[147],"movements":[148],"gesture-associated":[150],"resistance":[151],"responses.":[152],"This":[153],"thus":[156],"serves":[157],"as":[158],"simple,":[160],"robust,":[161],"amphibious":[163],"platform":[164],"healthcare":[166],"human-machine":[168],"interfaces":[169],"air":[172],"water.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}