{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225744442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751","title":"Art Without a Single Definition: How Laypeople Define and Categorize Artworks","display_name":"Art Without a Single Definition: How Laypeople Define and Categorize Artworks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225744442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/02762374261504751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48447438","display_name":"Empirical Studies of the Arts","issn_l":"0276-2374","issn":["0276-2374","1541-4493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Studies of the Arts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007763861","display_name":"Gregor Uwe Hayn-Leichsenring","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-381X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-381X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134900","display_name":"Jena University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/035rzkx15","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134900"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gregor U. Hayn-Leichsenring","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital Jena"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-381X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital Jena","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134900"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007763861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134900"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.02500000037252903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14322","display_name":"Art, Aesthetics, and Perception","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6661999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61341680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1923256","display_name":"Intension","level":2,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5449000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43252294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377166","display_name":"Functionalism (philosophy of mind)","level":2,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.48249998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780012110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283100","display_name":"Distressing","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17822864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007588","display_name":"Impression formation","level":4,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27362006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272021","display_name":"Gestalt psychology","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778236678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3181456","display_name":"Ontic","level":2,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/02762374261504751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02762374261504751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48447438","display_name":"Empirical Studies of the Arts","issn_l":"0276-2374","issn":["0276-2374","1541-4493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Studies of the Arts","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575297702","https://openalex.org/W1518146392","https://openalex.org/W1524513516","https://openalex.org/W1999794183","https://openalex.org/W2039207151","https://openalex.org/W2162440771","https://openalex.org/W2323363017","https://openalex.org/W2509829600","https://openalex.org/W2613371199","https://openalex.org/W2766326773","https://openalex.org/W2956515933","https://openalex.org/W4242653136","https://openalex.org/W4318612192"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"explored":[2],"how":[3],"laypeople":[4],"define":[5,51],"artworks":[6,28,37,94],"and":[7,97],"categorize":[8],"items":[9,79,88,113],"as":[10,38,58,81,93,114],"artworks.":[11,64],"Results":[12],"from":[13,123,134],"an":[14],"ontology":[15],"questionnaire":[16],"revealed":[17],"that":[18,26,50,73,119],"participants":[19,54,98],"held":[20],"complex":[21],"views":[22],"with":[23],"most":[24],"agreeing":[25],"original":[27],"possess":[29],"a":[30,34,52,76,135],"unique":[31],"aura,":[32],"suggesting":[33],"belief":[35],"in":[36,144],"more":[39,90],"than":[40,133],"just":[41],"physical":[42],"objects.":[43],"In":[44,65],"terms":[45,66],"of":[46,63,67,71,112,127],"intension":[47],"(the":[48,69],"criteria":[49],"term),":[53,77],"consistently":[55],"emphasized":[56],"intentionalism":[57],"central":[59],"to":[60],"their":[61,110],"concept":[62],"extension":[68,121],"set":[70],"things":[72],"fall":[74],"under":[75],"AI-generated":[78],"emerged":[80],"particularly":[82],"informative":[83],"borderline":[84],"cases.":[85],"Notably,":[86],"AI":[87],"were":[89],"often":[91],"seen":[92],"by":[95],"physicalists":[96],"who":[99],"valued":[100],"functionalism":[101],"or":[102],"historicism.":[103],"While":[104],"laypeople's":[105],"theoretical":[106],"beliefs":[107],"do":[108],"influence":[109],"categorizations":[111],"artworks,":[115],"the":[116,120,124,142],"findings":[117,140],"suggest":[118],"emerges":[122],"flexible":[125],"interaction":[126],"multiple":[128],"partially":[129],"independent":[130],"intensions":[131],"rather":[132],"single":[136],"coherent":[137],"definition.":[138],"These":[139],"highlight":[141],"challenges":[143],"empirically":[145],"investigating":[146],"art":[147],"concepts.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}