{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225743739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","title":"A two-stage biological system integrating pseudomonas fluorescens and oscillatoria splendida for heavy metal and nutrient removal from municipal wastewater","display_name":"A two-stage biological system integrating pseudomonas fluorescens and oscillatoria splendida for heavy metal and nutrient removal from municipal wastewater","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225743739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-engineering/articles/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285408","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","issn_l":"2813-5067","issn":["2813-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-engineering/articles/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112753337","display_name":"Hala Arshad Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-8793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3863-8793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27768575","display_name":"University of Anbar","ror":"https://ror.org/055a6gk50","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hala Arshad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Upper Euphrates Center for Sustainable Development Research University of Anbar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Upper Euphrates Center for Sustainable Development Research University of Anbar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112753337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27768575"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.3208000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.3208000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12780","display_name":"Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation","score":0.23720000684261322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10564","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Nitrogen Removal","score":0.15449999272823334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.8075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776835041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135292","display_name":"Pseudomonas fluorescens","level":3,"score":0.6872000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.6521000266075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.5724999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57442070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221275","display_name":"Sewage treatment","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.45190000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777970379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141259","display_name":"Oscillatoria","level":4,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168170006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864699","display_name":"Bioreactor","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39833","display_name":"Microorganism","level":3,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3028008","display_name":"Dilution","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184112429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476174","display_name":"Serial dilution","level":3,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58790150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10966166","display_name":"Sewage","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67658536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776968","display_name":"Biostimulation","level":4,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157021035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q696715","display_name":"Biodegradation","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778788645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902010","display_name":"Coliform bacteria","level":3,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124956284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918223","display_name":"Fecal coliform","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4891672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3995966","display_name":"Total suspended solids","level":4,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020383963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste disposal","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780260515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900747","display_name":"Vermicompost","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C499616599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555853","display_name":"Anaerobic digestion","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909468537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Environmental pollution","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198302294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215624","display_name":"Biochemical oxygen demand","level":4,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-engineering/articles/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285408","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","issn_l":"2813-5067","issn":["2813-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-engineering/articles/10.3389/fenve.2026.1923409/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285408","display_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","issn_l":"2813-5067","issn":["2813-5067"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Environmental Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225743739.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225743739.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857754651","https://openalex.org/W2029019177","https://openalex.org/W2061525000","https://openalex.org/W2095326284","https://openalex.org/W2098533473","https://openalex.org/W2099777126","https://openalex.org/W2557043836","https://openalex.org/W2801456205","https://openalex.org/W2948334609","https://openalex.org/W3207777464","https://openalex.org/W4280615863","https://openalex.org/W4383501085"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60,99,265,351],"increasing":[1],"wastewater":[2,19,48,61,83,118,204,367],"pollution":[3],"and":[4,15,49,85,95,139,153,160,181,197,253,286,294,381],"its":[5],"potential":[6,360],"harmful":[7],"impacts":[8],"make":[9],"it":[10],"imperative":[11],"to":[12,42,56,122,150,162,208,345],"seek":[13],"cost-effective":[14],"sustainable":[16],"solutions":[17],"for":[18,24,87,119,165,226,272,291,320,365,378],"treatment":[20,32,330],"while":[21],"exploring":[22],"options":[23],"resource":[25],"recovery":[26],"from":[27,45,64,80,244],"waste.":[28],"A":[29],"two-stage":[30,299,356],"biological":[31,357],"system":[33,300],"was":[34,62,148],"evaluated:":[35],"(i)":[36],"aerobic":[37],"bacteria)":[38],"Pseudomonas":[39],"fluorescens":[40,124,309],"(used":[41],"remove":[43],"pollutants":[44],"real":[46],"municipal":[47,366],"(ii)":[50],"the":[51,58,65,81,108,115,145,201,209,236,250,254,307],"cyanobacteria":[52],"Oscillatoria":[53],"splendida":[54,164,336],"used":[55],"polish":[57],"effluent.":[59],"obtained":[63],"Greater":[66],"Ramadi":[67],"Sewerage":[68],"Project,":[69],"Iraq,":[70,373],"utilizing":[71],"three":[72,202],"independent":[73,203,216],"composite":[74,217],"samples":[75,100],"(20":[76],"L":[77],"each)":[78],"collected":[79],"raw":[82],"inlet":[84],"characterized":[86],"pH,":[88],"EC,":[89],"TDS,":[90],"TSS,":[91],"nutrients,":[92],"heavy":[93],"metals,":[94],"total":[96],"bacterial":[97],"count.":[98],"were":[101,188,339],"treated":[102],"under":[103,342],"controlled":[104],"laboratory":[105],"conditions":[106,344],"at":[107,384],"University":[109],"of":[110,117],"Anbar.":[111],"Stage":[112,143,184,245,321],"1":[113,322],"involved":[114],"exposure":[116],"6":[120],"h":[121,172],"P.":[123,308],"1.5":[125],"\u00d7":[126],"10":[127],"8":[128],")":[129],"CFU/mL)":[130],"in":[131,190,368],"a":[132,219,328,348,362,375,385],"serial":[133],"glass-filter":[134],"bioreactor":[135],"containing":[136],"activated":[137],"carbon":[138],"polyethylene":[140],"media.":[141],"For":[142],"2,":[144],"Stage-1":[146],"effluent":[147],"diluted":[149],"20%,":[151],"40%,":[152],"60%":[154],"(v/v":[155],"(using":[156],"sterilized":[157],"distilled":[158],"water,":[159],"fed":[161],"O.":[163,335],"15":[166],"days":[167],"(2,500":[168],"lux":[169],"illumination,":[170],"16:8":[171],"light/dark)":[173],"with":[174],"sampling":[175],"on":[176,235],"Days":[177],"0,":[178],"5,":[179],"10,":[180],"15.":[182],"In":[183],"1,":[185],"descriptive":[186],"reductions":[187],"observed":[189],"COD":[191,314],"(81.4%),":[192],"TDS":[193,277],"(62.6%),":[194],"Ni":[195,282],"(75.1%),":[196],"Zn":[198],"(71.7%)":[199],"across":[200],"samples;":[205],"however,":[206],"due":[207],"limited":[210],"sample":[211],"size":[212],"(n":[213],"=":[214,230],"3":[215],"batches),":[218],"paired":[220],"t-test":[221],"confirmed":[222],"statistical":[223],"significance":[224],"only":[225],"Co":[227],"2+":[228],"(p":[229,262],"0.026).":[231],"Two-way":[232],"ANOVA":[233],"performed":[234],"triplicate":[237],"experimental":[238],"data":[239],"(sub-samples":[240],"within":[241],"each":[242],"batch)":[243],"2":[246],"revealed":[247],"that":[248,354],"both":[249],"dilution":[251],"ratio":[252],"incubation":[255],"day":[256],"significantly":[257],"affected":[258],"all":[259],"measured":[260],"parameters":[261,274],"<":[263],"0.05)":[264],"greatest":[266],"decreases":[267],"occurred":[268],"at)":[269,287],"20%v/v":[270],"(dilution":[271,290],"most":[273],"(EC":[275],"56.6%,":[276],"99.5%,":[278],"BOD":[279],"5":[280],"32.3%,":[281],"64.9%,":[283],"Co.":[284],"88.3%)":[285],"40%":[288],"v/v":[289],"phosphate":[292],"(55.5%)":[293],"copper":[295],"(84.5%":[296],"(The":[297],"sequential":[298,325],"yielded":[301],"higher":[302],"cumulative":[303,313],"removal":[304,315],"efficiencies":[305],"than":[306],"stage":[310],"alone)":[311],"e.g.,":[312],"\u2248":[316],"93%":[317],"versus":[318],"81.4%":[319],"alone).":[323],"This":[324],"performance":[326],"suggests":[327],"beneficial":[329],"sequence,":[331],"though":[332],"parallel":[333],"single-treatment)":[334],"-only)":[337],"controls":[338],"not":[340],"run":[341],"identical":[343],"statistically":[346],"define":[347],"synergistic":[349],"effect.":[350],"outcomes":[352],"indicate":[353],"this":[355],"scheme":[358],"holds":[359],"as":[361],"polishing":[363],"step":[364],"resource-limited":[369],"arid":[370],"areas":[371],"like":[372],"providing":[374],"preliminary":[376],"rationale":[377],"future":[379],"circular-bioeconomy":[380],"biomass-recovery":[382],"assessments":[383],"pilot":[386],"scale.":[387]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
