{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225743501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","title":"Circular Investment Risk, Cost, Uncertainty, Impact, and Traceability (CIRCUIT-5): An Evidence-Governed Framework for Robust Techno-Economic and Environmental Screening of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling","display_name":"Circular Investment Risk, Cost, Uncertainty, Impact, and Traceability (CIRCUIT-5): An Evidence-Governed Framework for Robust Techno-Economic and Environmental Screening of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225743501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11671165/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11671165/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157769845","display_name":"Stephen Kamran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3063-5611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3063-5611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43879129","display_name":"Government College University, Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/040gec961","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43879129"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Kamran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Government College University, Lahore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3063-5611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Government College University, Lahore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43879129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5157660334","display_name":"Farah Saman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-4368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-4368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farah Saman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Exeter"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0933-4368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Exeter","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.8999000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.8999000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.038100000470876694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.01640000008046627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.5976999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.5954999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186027771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4008379","display_name":"Valuation (finance)","level":2,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38179999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49740808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550116","display_name":"Sobol sequence","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778865806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060850","display_name":"Investment decisions","level":3,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103144560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670999","display_name":"Investment strategy","level":3,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11671165/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11671165/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11671165/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225743501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225743501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992264671","https://openalex.org/W2033739349","https://openalex.org/W2046808071","https://openalex.org/W2073774563","https://openalex.org/W2981490375","https://openalex.org/W3187415122","https://openalex.org/W4392437634","https://openalex.org/W4398765612","https://openalex.org/W4400833966","https://openalex.org/W4404171824","https://openalex.org/W4405436224","https://openalex.org/W4406799825","https://openalex.org/W4407204150","https://openalex.org/W4407669764","https://openalex.org/W4410020259","https://openalex.org/W4410946962","https://openalex.org/W4411501270","https://openalex.org/W4411586471","https://openalex.org/W4412004417","https://openalex.org/W4412564321","https://openalex.org/W4414269834","https://openalex.org/W4414883145","https://openalex.org/W4414920305","https://openalex.org/W4416253781","https://openalex.org/W7108340324","https://openalex.org/W7117308605","https://openalex.org/W7133541426","https://openalex.org/W7161050689","https://openalex.org/W7161301830","https://openalex.org/W7164173080","https://openalex.org/W7222163813","https://openalex.org/W7223304842"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Circular-economy":[1],"investments":[2],"require":[3],"decisions":[4],"that":[5,110,209],"reconcile":[6],"economic":[7,111],"feasibility,":[8],"environmental":[9,22,52,213],"performance,":[10],"uncertainty,":[11],"and":[12,21,34,51,59,77,97,112,122,172,183,192,215],"the":[13,132],"credibility":[14],"of":[15,140,159],"supporting":[16],"evidence.":[17],"However,":[18],"conventional":[19],"techno-economic":[20,50],"screening":[23,82,115,207],"approaches":[24],"rarely":[25],"distinguish":[26],"changes":[27],"arising":[28],"from":[29],"competing":[30],"objectives,":[31],"input":[32,174],"sensitivity,":[33],"numerical":[35],"evidence":[36],"deficiencies.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39],"develops":[40],"CIRCUIT-5,":[41],"a":[42,136,219],"reproducible":[43,220],"five-stage":[44],"computational":[45],"framework":[46,208],"integrating":[47],"source-data":[48],"auditing,":[49],"assessment,":[53],"multiobjective":[54],"trade-off":[55],"analysis,":[56,93],"robustness":[57],"testing,":[58],"evidence-governed":[60],"screening.":[61],"Using":[62],"18,198":[63],"published":[64,194],"model-generated":[65],"lithium-ion":[66],"battery":[67,75],"recycling":[68],"records":[69],"covering":[70],"337":[71],"Chinese":[72],"cities,":[73],"six":[74],"chemistries,":[76],"nine":[78],"model":[79],"years,":[80],"four":[81],"configurations":[83],"were":[84,101,198],"evaluated":[85],"across":[86,104],"3,033":[87],"city\u2013year":[88],"choice":[89],"sets.":[90],"Spatial":[91],"Pareto":[92],"carbon-valuation":[94],"switching":[95],"thresholds,":[96],"assumption-based":[98],"perturbation":[99],"experiments":[100],"subsequently":[102],"examined":[103],"54":[105,128,160],"chemistry\u2013year":[106],"groups.":[107,130],"Results":[108],"reveal":[109],"integrated":[113],"cost\u2013GHG":[114],"produced":[116],"identical":[117],"chemistry":[118],"selections,":[119],"whereas":[120],"minimum-cost":[121],"minimum-emission":[123,133],"cities":[124],"differed":[125],"in":[126],"all":[127],"spatial":[129],"Selecting":[131],"endpoint":[134],"required":[135],"median":[137,150],"processing-cost":[138],"premium":[139],"18.33%":[141],"while":[142],"reducing":[143],"modelled":[144],"GHG":[145],"emissions":[146],"by":[147],"35.38%.":[148],"The":[149],"first-switch":[151],"carbon":[152],"valuation":[153],"was":[154],"USD":[155,167],"72.48/tCO\u2082e,":[156],"with":[157],"44":[158],"groups":[161],"changing":[162],"their":[163],"preferred":[164],"city":[165],"at":[166],"100/tCO\u2082e.":[168],"Under":[169],"\u00b15%,":[170],"\u00b110%,":[171],"\u00b120%":[173],"perturbations,":[175],"mean":[176],"selection":[177],"stability":[178],"declined":[179],"to":[180],"14.53%,":[181],"8.50%,":[182],"4.42%,":[184],"respectively.":[185],"All":[186],"seven":[187],"controlled":[188],"evidence-gate":[189],"tests":[190],"passed,":[191],"12":[193],"industrial":[195],"LCA":[196],"totals":[197],"independently":[199],"reproduced":[200],"arithmetically.":[201],"CIRCUIT-5":[202],"contributes":[203],"an":[204],"evidence-aware,":[205],"uncertainty-sensitive":[206],"distinguishes":[210],"objective":[211],"alignment,":[212],"trade-offs,":[214],"ranking":[216],"robustness,":[217],"providing":[218],"foundation":[221],"for":[222],"preliminary":[223],"circular-investment":[224],"assessment.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}