{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225741684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","title":"A Review of Fault Tolerance and Fault Handling Technologies for High-Reliability Industrial Embedded Systems","display_name":"A Review of Fault Tolerance and Fault Handling Technologies for High-Reliability Industrial Embedded Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225741684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38773.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38773.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161410148","display_name":"Lanxin Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lanxin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Guanshan Middle School,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Guanshan Middle School,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161410148"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"279","issue":"1","first_page":"None","last_page":"None"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.6523000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.6523000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.12700000405311584,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.6974999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6869000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.6276999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5432000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.49939998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50712370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4269346","display_name":"Software fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775928411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2041312","display_name":"Fault injection","level":3,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163707989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1996307","display_name":"Life-critical system","level":3,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.34869998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132835097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663745","display_name":"System safety","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112987892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5051574","display_name":"Catastrophic failure","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70452415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3182448","display_name":"Predictive maintenance","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42259789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392940","display_name":"Fail-safe","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165136773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363179","display_name":"Single point of failure","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107094494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428453","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38773.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2026.ld38773","pdf_url":"https://ace.ewapub.com/article/view/38773.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281889","display_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","issn_l":"2755-2721","issn":["2755-2721","2755-273X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied and Computational Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225741684.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225741684.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"embedded":[1],"systems":[2],"operate":[3],"in":[4],"safety-critical":[5],"domains":[6],"including":[7,86,156],"aerospace,":[8],"automotive,":[9],"rail":[10],"transit,":[11],"and":[12,28,48,60,76,83,98,111,131,164,173],"medical":[13],"devices,":[14],"where":[15],"faults":[16,63],"can":[17],"cause":[18],"catastrophic":[19],"failure":[20],"or":[21],"loss":[22],"of":[23,46],"life.":[24],"Under":[25],"demanding":[26],"environments":[27],"strict":[29],"functional":[30],"safety":[31],"standards,":[32],"achieving":[33],"high":[34],"reliability":[35,58],"remains":[36],"a":[37,43,115,125],"fundamental":[38],"challenge.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"presents":[42],"systematic":[44,62],"review":[45,138],"fault-tolerance":[47],"fault-handling":[49],"techniques":[50],"for":[51],"such":[52],"systems.":[53,176],"We":[54,78],"begin":[55],"by":[56],"clarifying":[57],"requirements":[59],"distinguishing":[61],"from":[64],"random":[65],"hardware":[66],"faults.":[67],"Next,":[68],"we":[69],"analyze":[70],"three":[71],"redundancy":[72],"mechanisms:":[73],"hardware,":[74,167],"software,":[75],"time.":[77],"then":[79],"survey":[80],"fault":[81,106,142],"detection":[82],"diagnosis":[84],"methods,":[85],"watchdogs,":[87],"consistency":[88],"checks,":[89],"EDAC,":[90],"control-flow":[91],"monitoring,":[92],"model-based":[93],"observers,":[94],"signal":[95],"feature":[96],"extraction,":[97],"AI-driven":[99,157],"diagnosis.":[100],"A":[101],"graded":[102],"recovery":[103],"strategy":[104],"follows:":[105],"masking,":[107],"failover,":[108],"system":[109],"degradation,":[110],"safe":[112],"shutdown\u2014which":[113],"constitutes":[114],"defense-in-depth":[116],"architecture.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"two":[119],"validated":[120],"case":[121],"studies":[122],"are":[123],"presented:":[124],"triplex":[126],"flight":[127],"control":[128],"computer":[129],"(avionics)":[130],"an":[132],"ISO":[133],"26262-compliant":[134],"automotive":[135],"ECU.":[136],"The":[137],"shows":[139],"that":[140],"modern":[141],"tolerance":[143],"relies":[144],"not":[145],"on":[146,150],"isolated":[147],"techniques,":[148],"but":[149],"coordinated,":[151],"multi-layered":[152],"engineering.":[153],"Future":[154],"trends,":[155],"predictive":[158],"diagnosis,":[159],"adaptive":[160],"redundancy,":[161],"formal":[162],"verification,":[163],"RISC-V-native":[165],"fault-resilient":[166],"point":[168],"toward":[169],"more":[170],"robust,":[171],"verifiable,":[172],"efficient":[174],"future":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}