{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225739445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","title":"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Spodumene Processing Routes for Battery Grade Lithium Hydroxide Production in Australia, China and Finland","display_name":"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Spodumene Processing Routes for Battery Grade Lithium Hydroxide Production in Australia, China and Finland","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225739445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203134","display_name":"Mining Metallurgy & Exploration","issn_l":"2524-3462","issn":["2524-3462","2524-3470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mining, Metallurgy &amp; Exploration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067656803","display_name":"Georgios Bartzas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-9075","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-9075"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Bartzas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-9075","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035938290","display_name":"Kostas Komnitsas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-1632","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-1632"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Komnitsas","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-1632","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.6952999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10435","display_name":"Environmental Impact and Sustainability","score":0.6952999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.27709999680519104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12838","display_name":"Photovoltaic Systems and Sustainability","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.8079000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7107999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138782731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2782134","display_name":"Beneficiation","level":2,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120547","display_name":"Spodumene","level":3,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105168734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1867977","display_name":"Refinery","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18785705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931373","display_name":"Scenario analysis","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780751558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407613","display_name":"Lithium hydroxide","level":4,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23579818","display_name":"Cumulative effects","level":2,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119288801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901028","display_name":"Global-warming potential","level":3,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983177510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Energy demand","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61661205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130322","display_name":"Land reclamation","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341477","display_name":"Energy supply","level":3,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10325510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3737914","display_name":"Resource depletion","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83516724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234173","display_name":"Ecological footprint","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521751864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729207","display_name":"Christian ministry","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203134","display_name":"Mining Metallurgy & Exploration","issn_l":"2524-3462","issn":["2524-3462","2524-3470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mining, Metallurgy &amp; Exploration","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-026-01764-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210203134","display_name":"Mining Metallurgy & Exploration","issn_l":"2524-3462","issn":["2524-3462","2524-3470"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mining, Metallurgy &amp; Exploration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761046937","https://openalex.org/W2946857610","https://openalex.org/W3007538833","https://openalex.org/W3080326625","https://openalex.org/W3144481729","https://openalex.org/W3162678313","https://openalex.org/W3175129091","https://openalex.org/W3193095162","https://openalex.org/W3205364029","https://openalex.org/W3211412927","https://openalex.org/W4289202356","https://openalex.org/W4293768196","https://openalex.org/W4312792310","https://openalex.org/W4366316371","https://openalex.org/W4378222316","https://openalex.org/W4386890584","https://openalex.org/W4387940841","https://openalex.org/W4389367039","https://openalex.org/W4392088355","https://openalex.org/W4392429160","https://openalex.org/W4394595153","https://openalex.org/W4396841114","https://openalex.org/W4400291980","https://openalex.org/W4401160524","https://openalex.org/W4401235135","https://openalex.org/W4402127330","https://openalex.org/W4403828006","https://openalex.org/W4404907989","https://openalex.org/W4405093161","https://openalex.org/W4405920650","https://openalex.org/W4407243409","https://openalex.org/W4408379089","https://openalex.org/W4409179830","https://openalex.org/W4410376027","https://openalex.org/W4410615379","https://openalex.org/W4410780013","https://openalex.org/W4412656502","https://openalex.org/W4412864727","https://openalex.org/W4413839457","https://openalex.org/W4414498335","https://openalex.org/W4414676743","https://openalex.org/W7125481579","https://openalex.org/W7130399150","https://openalex.org/W7202165085"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,55],"increasing":[2],"demand":[3],"for":[4,11,17],"lithium-ion":[5],"batteries":[6],"has":[7],"intensified":[8],"the":[9,39,65,91,136,189],"need":[10],"sustainable":[12],"and":[13,48,85,108,113,124,131,159,183,192],"resilient":[14],"supply":[15,37,161],"chains":[16],"battery-grade":[18,62,195],"lithium":[19],"hydroxide":[20],"monohydrate":[21],"(LHM).":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"presents":[25],"a":[26,98],"cradle-to-gate":[27],"Life":[28],"Cycle":[29],"Assessment":[30],"(LCA)":[31],"of":[32,61,103,194],"three":[33],"hard-rock":[34],"spodumene-based":[35],"LHM":[36,196],"routes:":[38],"conventional":[40],"Australian\u2013Chinese":[41],"route":[42],"(BASE),":[43],"integrated":[44,49,176],"Australian":[45],"production":[46,51],"(I-AUS),":[47],"European":[50],"in":[52],"Finland":[53],"(I-FIN).":[54],"functional":[56],"unit":[57],"is":[58,135],"1":[59],"kg":[60,105],"LiOH\u00b7H\u2082O":[63],"at":[64],"refinery":[66],"gate.":[67],"Fifteen":[68],"environmental":[69,138,190],"impact":[70],"categories":[71],"were":[72],"assessed,":[73],"with":[74,97,117,165],"emphasis":[75],"on":[76],"acidification,":[77],"eutrophication,":[78],"global":[79],"warming,":[80],"land":[81],"use,":[82],"freshwater":[83],"consumption,":[84],"cumulative":[86],"energy":[87,168,185],"demand.":[88],"I-FIN":[89,119],"exhibits":[90],"lowest":[92],"impacts":[93],"across":[94,143],"all":[95],"categories,":[96],"Global":[99],"Warming":[100],"Potential":[101],"(GWP)":[102],"10.21":[104],"CO\u2082-eq/FU,":[106],"22%":[107],"34%":[109],"lower":[110],"than":[111],"I-AUS":[112],"BASE,":[114,118],"respectively.":[115,133],"Compared":[116],"reduces":[120],"Freshwater":[121],"Consumption":[122],"(FWC)":[123],"Cumulative":[125],"Energy":[126],"Demand":[127],"(CED)":[128],"by":[129,171],"38%":[130],"37%,":[132],"Conversion/refining":[134],"main":[137],"hotspot,":[139],"contributing":[140],"approximately":[141],"40\u201345%":[142],"most":[144],"categories.":[145],"Monte":[146],"Carlo":[147],"analysis":[148,153],"indicates":[149],"low":[150],"uncertainty.":[151],"Sensitivity":[152],"identifies":[154],"ore":[155],"grade,":[156],"beneficiation":[157],"recovery,":[158],"thermal-energy":[160],"as":[162],"key":[163],"parameters,":[164],"lower-carbon":[166],"thermal":[167],"reducing":[169],"GWP":[170],"up":[172],"to":[173],"16%.":[174],"Overall,":[175],"regional":[177],"production,":[178],"efficient":[179],"beneficiation,":[180],"soda-leaching":[181],"conversion,":[182],"low-carbon":[184],"can":[186],"substantially":[187],"improve":[188],"performance":[191],"resilience":[193],"production.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
