{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225736467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","title":"Quality-Gated Integration of Predicted Fields for Maize\u2013Soybean Mapping with AlphaEarth Foundations","display_name":"Quality-Gated Integration of Predicted Fields for Maize\u2013Soybean Mapping with AlphaEarth Foundations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225736467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18223867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161387755","display_name":"Runze Kang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runze Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Artificial Intelligence Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China","Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","State Key Laboratory of Smart Farm Technologies and Systems, Harbin 150030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Artificial Intelligence Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Smart Farm Technologies and Systems, Harbin 150030, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034137121","display_name":"Ran Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-9136","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-9136","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4513-0641"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Telecom Artificial Intelligence Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Telecom Artificial Intelligence Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161408946","display_name":"Jie Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","State Key Laboratory of Smart Farm Technologies and Systems, Harbin 150030, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Smart Farm Technologies and Systems, Harbin 150030, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161408946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"22","first_page":"3867","last_page":"3867"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.8568999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.8568999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.09300000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.040300000458955765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.633899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5684000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.560699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5218999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4343999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.35190001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137580998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352","display_name":"Crop","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18223867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18223867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18223867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984792953","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2011832962","https://openalex.org/W2030165874","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2560136348","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2745131289","https://openalex.org/W2767953525","https://openalex.org/W2900573306","https://openalex.org/W2905254777","https://openalex.org/W2951982261","https://openalex.org/W2972629016","https://openalex.org/W2981870521","https://openalex.org/W2983376237","https://openalex.org/W3127347439","https://openalex.org/W3194508523","https://openalex.org/W4212844381","https://openalex.org/W4235169531","https://openalex.org/W4292553629","https://openalex.org/W4296919006","https://openalex.org/W4372323219","https://openalex.org/W4390872394","https://openalex.org/W4390874379","https://openalex.org/W4409640590","https://openalex.org/W4416321905","https://openalex.org/W4417523680","https://openalex.org/W7162094360"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timely":[0],"field-level":[1],"crop":[2,64,187],"mapping":[3,28],"remains":[4],"difficult":[5],"where":[6],"current":[7],"labels":[8,65],"and":[9,37,88,111,146],"reliable":[10,50],"parcel":[11,125,190],"boundaries":[12],"are":[13],"scarce.":[14],"This":[15],"study":[16],"examined":[17],"whether":[18,38],"2024":[19],"AlphaEarth":[20],"Foundations":[21],"(AEF)":[22],"annual":[23],"embeddings":[24],"could":[25,45],"support":[26],"maize\u2013soybean":[27,122],"through":[29],"unsupervised":[30],"clustering":[31,104],"followed":[32],"by":[33,158],"label-assisted":[34],"semantic":[35,86],"assignment":[36,87,126],"Fields":[39],"of":[40,70,107,118,152,162,170,174,185],"the":[41,75,80,93,134,171,183],"World":[42],"(FTW)":[43],"predictions":[44],"convert":[46],"pixel":[47,142],"clusters":[48],"into":[49],"parcel-level":[51],"maps.":[52],"The":[53],"64-dimensional":[54],"AEF":[55,103,176],"features":[56],"at":[57],"10":[58],"m":[59],"resolution":[60],"were":[61,83],"clustered":[62],"without":[63],"in":[66,99],"an":[67],"agricultural":[68],"region":[69],"northern":[71],"Northeast":[72],"China.":[73],"After":[74],"cluster":[76],"solution":[77],"was":[78],"fixed,":[79],"field":[81],"observations":[82],"used":[84],"for":[85,109,113,120],"spatially":[89],"blocked":[90],"assessment.":[91],"At":[92],"652":[94],"route-based":[95],"reference":[96,135],"points":[97],"collected":[98],"this":[100],"study,":[101],"direct":[102,175],"yielded":[105],"F1-scores":[106],"0.944":[108],"maize":[110],"0.942":[112],"soybean,":[114],"with":[115,133],"a":[116,150,179],"macro-F1":[117,151],"0.943":[119],"binary":[121],"retrieval.":[123],"Unconditional":[124],"increased":[127],"spatial":[128],"regularity":[129],"but":[130],"reduced":[131,165],"agreement":[132],"observations.":[136],"A":[137],"quality":[138],"gate":[139],"based":[140],"on":[141],"support,":[143],"within-field":[144],"purity,":[145],"under-segmentation":[147],"risk":[148],"retained":[149],"0.936":[153],"while":[154,167],"reducing":[155],"small":[156],"patches":[157],"31.0%.":[159],"Selective":[160],"use":[161],"predicted":[163],"fields":[164],"fragmentation":[166],"preserving":[168],"most":[169],"sample-based":[172],"accuracy":[173],"clustering,":[177],"offering":[178],"way":[180],"to":[181],"control":[182],"loss":[184],"pixel-level":[186],"information":[188],"during":[189],"aggregation.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}