{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225732910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","title":"Sexual and reproductive disparities by formal and informal urban residence in Kinshasa before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic","display_name":"Sexual and reproductive disparities by formal and informal urban residence in Kinshasa before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225732910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48212443","display_name":"Reproductive Health","issn_l":"1742-4755","issn":["1742-4755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reproductive Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118333356","display_name":"Charlotte Greenbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1509-8525","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1509-8525"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte Greenbaum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1509-8525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161374466","display_name":"Caroline Moreau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103698","display_name":"Centre de recherche en Epid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations","ror":"https://ror.org/01ed4t417","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I195731000","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097159","https://openalex.org/I4210103698","https://openalex.org/I4210164847","https://openalex.org/I4405259118"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Moreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Soins et Sant\u00e9 Primaire, Villejuif, France","Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Soins et Sant\u00e9 Primaire, Villejuif, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103698"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016704446","display_name":"Linnea A. Zimmerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-0889","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-0889"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linnea A Zimmerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018442145","display_name":"Pierre Zalagile Akilimali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-6214","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-6214"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34942010","display_name":"University of Kinshasa","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrz2q74","country_code":"CD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34942010"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259637","display_name":"Ecole de sant\u00e9 publique de Kinshasa","ror":"https://ror.org/02g0e3a49","country_code":"CD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34942010","https://openalex.org/I4405259637"]}],"countries":["CD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre Akilimali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34942010","https://openalex.org/I4405259637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5118333356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10600","display_name":"Reproductive Health and Contraception","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10327","display_name":"Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778631157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201759","display_name":"Slum","level":3,"score":0.6812999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780620491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817591","display_name":"Unintended pregnancy","level":5,"score":0.6244000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121752807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981388","display_name":"Reproductive health","level":3,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.5475999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.5163999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779076696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1280670","display_name":"Family planning","level":4,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140556311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214746","display_name":"Biostatistics","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.3353999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778079182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1342132","display_name":"Unsafe abortion","level":5,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776210078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351870","display_name":"Reproductive medicine","level":3,"score":0.3050999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2250968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1512929","display_name":"Health equity","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778642596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8452","display_name":"Abortion","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48212443","display_name":"Reproductive Health","issn_l":"1742-4755","issn":["1742-4755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reproductive Health","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-026-02474-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48212443","display_name":"Reproductive Health","issn_l":"1742-4755","issn":["1742-4755"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Reproductive Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,301,412],"Coronavirus":[1],"Disease":[2],"2019":[3,106],"(COVID-19)":[4],"pandemic":[5,45,190,303,433],"threatened":[6,311],"progress":[7],"in":[8,20,63,87,144,150,204,228,256,264,296,307,316,333,361,369,377,387,428,452,472,483],"sexual":[9,321],"and":[10,34,68,102,130,177,187,234,239,253,269,274,290,298,322,380,403,420,427,444,461,479],"reproductive":[11,248,291,323,372,480],"health":[12,249,308,373,481],"(SRH)":[13],"across":[14,100],"sub-Saharan":[15],"Africa,":[16],"with":[17,218,438],"urban":[18],"communities":[19,389,454],"informal":[21,334],"settlements":[22,335],"(slum":[23,336],"neighborhoods)":[24,337],"particularly":[25,281,340],"at":[26,39],"risk.":[27],"In":[28,347],"Kinshasa,":[29,88,257,362],"disruptions":[30,306,343],"to":[31,94,107,115,136,172,194,287,305,319,345,364,393,400,406,417,476],"family":[32,288,327,396,415,477],"planning":[33,289,328,397,416,478],"contraceptive":[35,129,224,265,267,299],"services":[36,309,482],"were":[37,51,148,191,390],"noted":[38],"the":[40,43,80,117,126,137,140,157,189,241,259,276,312,354,384,421,429,432,457,463,467],"beginning":[41],"of":[42,79,91,119,128,139,159,201,284,314,371,423],"COVID-19":[44,141,243,302],"but":[46,258],"rebounded":[47],"after":[48,188,240,275,431,462],"lockdown":[49],"restrictions":[50],"eased.":[52],"However,":[53,212],"there":[54],"has":[55],"been":[56],"limited":[57],"research":[58,468],"on":[59,125],"differential":[60,440],"post-pandemic":[61],"trends":[62,203,441],"SRH":[64,97,205],"outcomes":[65,98,132,206],"between":[66,251,442],"slum":[67,101,120,152,208,213,252,381,388,443,453],"non-slum":[69,103,122,254,379,445],"residents.":[70],"This":[71],"study":[72],"uses":[73],"longitudinal":[74],"data":[75,352],"from":[76,105,170,353],"four":[77],"rounds":[78],"Performance":[81,355],"Monitoring":[82,356],"for":[83,221,357,414,435],"Action":[84,358],"(PMA)":[85,359],"survey":[86],"Democratic":[89],"Republic":[90],"Congo":[92],"(DRC)":[93],"examine":[95,116,365],"how":[96],"shifted":[99],"neighborhoods":[104],"2024.":[108],"We":[109,197],"utilized":[110],"mixed-effects":[111],"logistic":[112],"regression":[113],"models":[114],"influence":[118],"vs.":[121],"neighborhood":[123],"status":[124,209],"odds":[127,158],"pregnancy":[131,165,402,419],"over":[133,210,367],"time.":[134,211],"Prior":[135],"onset":[138],"pandemic,":[142,385],"seven":[143],"ten":[145],"women":[146,315,375,386,451],"(70.4%)":[147],"living":[149,376],"a":[151,448],"neighborhood.":[153],"Among":[154],"all":[155,436],"women,":[156,437],"reporting":[160,422],"one\u2019s":[161],"current":[162],"or":[163],"last":[164],"being":[166],"unintended":[167,235,270,424],"increased":[168,434],"significantly":[169,216,246],"2019/2020":[171],"2021/2022":[173],"(OR":[174,179],"=":[175,180],"3.8)":[176],"2024":[178],"11.6),":[181],"highlighting":[182],"that":[183,310],"pregnancies":[184,409,425],"occurring":[185],"during":[186,238,273,282,426,460],"more":[192,404],"likely":[193,392,405],"be":[195,339,394],"unintended.":[196,411],"found":[198],"no":[199,439],"evidence":[200],"diverging":[202],"by":[207,342],"residence":[214],"was":[215],"associated":[217],"higher":[219],"need":[220,413],"contraception,":[222],"lower":[223],"use":[225],"among":[226,374],"those":[227],"need,":[229,266],"greater":[230],"provider-dependent":[231],"method":[232],"use,":[233],"pregnancy,":[236,271],"before,":[237,272],"pandemic.":[242,277,464],"did":[244],"not":[245],"widen":[247],"disparities":[250],"residents":[255],"analysis":[260],"shows":[261],"sustained":[262],"inequities":[263,450],"coverage,":[268],"Addressing":[278],"these":[279],"disparities,":[280],"times":[283],"budget":[285],"cuts":[286],"health,":[292],"requires":[293],"targeted":[294],"investments":[295],"counseling":[297],"access.":[300],"led":[304],"ability":[313],"Sub-Saharan":[317],"Africa":[318],"seek":[320],"healthcare,":[324],"such":[325],"as":[326,410],"services.":[329],"Those":[330],"who":[331],"live":[332],"may":[338],"harmed":[341],"related":[344],"COVID-19.":[346],"this":[348],"study,":[349],"we":[350],"used":[351],"Program":[360],"DRC":[363],"changes":[366],"time":[368],"measures":[370],"formal":[378],"communities.":[382],"Before":[383],"less":[391],"using":[395],"when":[398],"trying":[399],"avoid":[401,418],"report":[407],"their":[408],"year":[430],"dwellers.":[446],"As":[447,465],"result,":[449],"faced":[455],"before":[456],"pandemic\u200b":[458],"persisted":[459],"such,":[466],"highlights":[469],"ongoing":[470],"challenges":[471],"ensuring":[473],"equal":[474],"access":[475],"Kinshasa.":[484]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}
