{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225732216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","title":"Boiling Water Cannot Make Low-Acid Food Safe in a Jar: Spore Inactivation Times at the Boiling Point, and the Altitude at Which Even Acid Processing Times Break","display_name":"Boiling Water Cannot Make Low-Acid Food Safe in a Jar: Spore Inactivation Times at the Boiling Point, and the Altitude at Which Even Acid Processing Times Break","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225732216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24114549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161362375","display_name":"William Alexander Aldred","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aldred, William Alexander","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1215-577X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161362375"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11957","display_name":"Food Safety and Hygiene","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14438","display_name":"Advanced Scientific Research Methods","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188596812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003183","display_name":"Boiling point","level":2,"score":0.7113999724388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157777378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41716","display_name":"Boiling","level":2,"score":0.7062000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65045869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81365","display_name":"Decimal","level":2,"score":0.6855999827384949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.5098999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4159442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5203342","display_name":"D-value","level":2,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992111332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15318","display_name":"Freezing point","level":2,"score":0.40299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174618031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177332","display_name":"Spore","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018812019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117015","display_name":"Liquid food","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109097599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58148","display_name":"Pasteurization","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177322064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750955","display_name":"Radiochemistry","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13530604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15318","display_name":"Melting point","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24114549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24114550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114550","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114550","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24114549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24114549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"common":[1],"belief":[2,31],"holds":[3],"that":[4,30,98,285],"a":[5,9,16,43,53,61,139,168,184,200,204,208,223,236],"low-acid":[6],"food":[7],"in":[8,15,102],"jar":[10,104],"can":[11],"be":[12,287],"made":[13],"safe":[14],"boiling-water":[17],"bath":[18,107],"if":[19],"only":[20,271],"it":[21],"is":[22,89,116,145,289],"boiled":[23],"for":[24,39,189],"long":[25],"enough.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"tests":[29],"by":[32,183],"arithmetic,":[33],"using":[34],"stated":[35,140,173,205,237],"thermal":[36],"inactivation":[37,249],"parameters":[38],"Clostridium":[40],"botulinum":[41],"spores:":[42],"decimal":[44,65,78,209,227],"reduction":[45,79,210],"time":[46,80,211],"of":[47,57,63,186,212,219,225,240,279],"0.21":[48],"minutes":[49,70,84,91,118,125,133,214,230,269,273],"at":[50,71,106,121,129,149,154,160,176,215,232,258,275],"121.1":[51,72],"\u00b0C,":[52,59,123,131,217,221,257,277],"temperature":[54,108],"coefficient":[55],"z":[56,218],"10.0":[58],"and":[60,85,128,157,179,222,282],"target":[62,175,206],"12":[64],"reductions,":[66],"equivalent":[67,231,274],"to":[68,82,171,255],"2.52":[69],"\u00b0C.":[73],"At":[74,110,263],"100":[75,216,233,276],"\u00b0C":[76,112,144,153,159,192,265],"the":[77,86,95,99,103,113,146,172,180,193,247,251,266,280,283],"rises":[81],"27.05":[83],"required":[87,114,248],"hold":[88,115,284],"324.6":[90],"(5.41":[92],"hours),":[93],"on":[94],"generous":[96],"assumption":[97],"coldest":[100],"point":[101,148,195,253],"sits":[105],"throughout.":[109],"95":[111,143,264],"1026.6":[117],"(17.11":[119],"hours);":[120,127],"90":[122,152],"3246.4":[124],"(54.11":[126],"85":[130,158],"10266.0":[132],"(171.1":[134],"hours,":[135],"7.129":[136],"days).":[137],"Through":[138],"boiling-point":[141],"relation,":[142],"boiling":[147,194,252],"1507":[150],"m,":[151,156],"3009":[155],"4502":[161],"m.":[162],"Boiling":[163],"therefore":[164],"does":[165],"not":[166],"offer":[167],"practical":[169],"route":[170],"spore":[174],"any":[177],"altitude,":[178],"shortfall":[181],"grows":[182],"factor":[185],"about":[187],"3.16":[188],"every":[190],"5":[191],"falls.":[196],"For":[197],"acid":[198],"foods,":[199],"second":[201],"calculation":[202],"uses":[203],"with":[207],"2.5":[213],"9.0":[220],"requirement":[224],"10":[226],"reductions":[228],"(25.0":[229],"\u00b0C),":[234],"against":[235],"sea-level":[238],"schedule":[239,244],"35.0":[241,268],"minutes.":[242,291],"That":[243],"stops":[245],"delivering":[246],"where":[250],"falls":[254],"98.68":[256],"396":[259],"m":[260],"(1301":[261],"ft).":[262],"same":[267],"delivers":[270],"9.74":[272],"39.0%":[278],"requirement,":[281],"would":[286],"needed":[288],"89.8":[290]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}