{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225732154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","title":"Profiling abstract reasoning: the role of verbal-conceptual tasks in distinguishing cognitive health from impairment","display_name":"Profiling abstract reasoning: the role of verbal-conceptual tasks in distinguishing cognitive health from impairment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225732154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120289491","display_name":"BMC Neurology","issn_l":"1471-2377","issn":["1471-2377"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138803996","display_name":"Serveh Armi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3145578848","display_name":"Institute for Cognitive Science Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/0378cd528","country_code":"IR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3145578848"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serveh Armi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Psychology and Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Psychology and Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3145578848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010417991","display_name":"Farzaneh Barzkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-9503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1553-9503"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263363","display_name":"National Brain Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05rw1n097","country_code":"IR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909","https://openalex.org/I4405263363"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzaneh Barzkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","National Brain Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Brain Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909","https://openalex.org/I4405263363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161411075","display_name":"Peyman Hassani Abharian","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3145578848","display_name":"Institute for Cognitive Science Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/0378cd528","country_code":"IR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3145578848"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peyman Hassani Abharian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cognitive Psychology and Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Psychology and Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3145578848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003744388","display_name":"Mostafa Almasi\u2010Dooghaee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-1615","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-1615"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161106909","display_name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03w04rv71","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neurology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003744388"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161106909"],"apc_list":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":3090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14434","display_name":"Historical and Modern Theater Studies","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89798072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141779","display_name":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","level":3,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45210000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.42910000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.390500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205545832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156455","display_name":"Young adult","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117812244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141157","display_name":"Cognitive Assessment System","level":4,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166047926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170277","display_name":"Intelligence quotient","level":3,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99476002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297","display_name":"Analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.2583000063896179}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120289491","display_name":"BMC Neurology","issn_l":"1471-2377","issn":["1471-2377"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-026-05558-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S120289491","display_name":"BMC Neurology","issn_l":"1471-2377","issn":["1471-2377"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Neurology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"reasoning":[1,18],"is":[2,286],"a":[3],"clinically":[4],"relevant":[5],"component":[6],"of":[7,110,125],"higher-order":[8],"cognition,":[9],"but":[10],"verbally":[11],"mediated":[12],"measures":[13,268],"may":[14,269],"reflect":[15],"both":[16],"relational":[17],"and":[19,21,36,42,73,91,102,112,127,132,160,199,216,250,260,294],"language-":[20],"knowledge-based":[22],"abilities.":[23],"We":[24],"compared":[25],"performance":[26,256,285],"on":[27,257],"two":[28],"Wechsler":[29],"Adult":[30],"Intelligence":[31],"Scale":[32],"(WAIS)":[33],"verbal-conceptual":[34,267],"tasks-Similarities":[35],"Comprehension-among":[37],"cognitively":[38,263],"healthy":[39,70,180,264],"older":[40,66],"adults":[41,61],"individuals":[43],"with":[44,117,146,185,254,300],"mild":[45],"cognitive":[46,51,272],"impairment":[47,52],"(MCI)":[48],"or":[49,65,228],"severe":[50],"(SCI).":[53],"In":[54,243],"this":[55,244],"cross-sectional":[56,245],"memory-clinic":[57],"study,":[58],"54":[59],"Persian-speaking":[60,246],"aged":[62],"60":[63],"years":[64],"were":[67,106,134,177,218,252],"recruited":[68],"into":[69],"control,":[71],"MCI,":[72],"SCI":[74,161,200,217,251],"groups":[75],"(18":[76],"participants":[77,145,184],"per":[78],"group).":[79],"Cognitive":[80,88],"status":[81],"was":[82,97,121],"determined":[83],"through":[84],"neurologist":[85],"assessment,":[86],"Addenbrooke\u2019s":[87],"Examination":[89],"results,":[90],"available":[92],"clinical":[93,247],"investigations.":[94],"Verbal-conceptual":[95],"abstraction":[96],"assessed":[98],"using":[99,108],"WAIS":[100,258],"Similarities":[101,175,229,259],"Comprehension.":[103],"Group":[104,234],"differences":[105],"examined":[107],"analysis":[109],"variance":[111],"pairwise":[113],"comparisons;":[114],"Cohen\u2019s":[115],"d":[116,151,165,190,204],"95%":[118,154,168,193,207],"confidence":[119],"intervals":[120],"calculated.":[122],"Age-adjusted":[123],"analyses":[124],"covariance":[126],"regression":[128],"models":[129],"assessing":[130],"sex":[131],"education":[133],"also":[135,287],"performed.":[136],"Healthy":[137],"controls":[138,181],"had":[139],"higher":[140,178],"mean":[141],"Comprehension":[142,223,261],"scores":[143,176],"than":[144,182,262],"MCI":[147,186,215,249],"(23.33":[148,162],"vs.":[149,163,188,202],"16.50;":[150],"=":[152,158,166,172,191,197,205,226,232],"1.64,":[153],"CI":[155,169,194,208],"0.88\u20132.40;":[156],"p":[157,171,196,210,225,231],"0.020)":[159],"12.32;":[164],"1.95,":[167],"1.15\u20132.75;":[170],"0.003).":[173],"Similarly,":[174],"in":[179,183],"(21.92":[187,201],"12.75;":[189],"1.59,":[192],"0.84\u20132.35;":[195],"0.010)":[198],"5.11;":[203],"4.03,":[206],"2.87\u20135.19;":[209],"<":[211],"0.001).":[212],"Differences":[213],"between":[214],"not":[219,277],"statistically":[220,237],"significant":[221,238],"for":[222,241],"(":[224,230],"0.800)":[227],"0.100).":[233],"effects":[235],"remained":[236],"after":[239],"adjustment":[240],"age.":[242],"sample,":[248],"associated":[253],"lower":[255],"status.":[265],"These":[266],"complement":[270],"memory-focused":[271],"assessment;":[273],"however,":[274],"they":[275],"should":[276],"be":[278],"interpreted":[279],"as":[280],"stand-alone":[281],"diagnostic":[282],"markers":[283],"because":[284],"influenced":[288],"by":[289],"language,":[290],"semantic":[291],"knowledge,":[292],"education,":[293],"etiologic":[295],"heterogeneity.":[296],"Larger":[297],"longitudinal":[298],"studies":[299],"etiologically":[301],"characterized":[302],"samples":[303],"are":[304],"needed.":[305],"Not":[306],"applicable.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}