{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225731250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","title":"Ash Formation in Pulverized Biomass Combustion: How Evidence, Mechanism and Model Uncertainty Propagate to Deposit Risk","display_name":"Ash Formation in Pulverized Biomass Combustion: How Evidence, Mechanism and Model Uncertainty Propagate to Deposit Risk","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225731250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14223629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161374293","display_name":"Mingzi Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingzi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, No. 1 North Yangshan Road, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, No. 1 North Yangshan Road, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161374293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"22","first_page":"3629","last_page":"3629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":0.9380000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13584","display_name":"Coal Combustion and Slurry Processing","score":0.04270000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12218","display_name":"Coal and Its By-products","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.7491999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41888846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437651","display_name":"Pulverized coal-fired boiler","level":3,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87343466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236139","display_name":"Fly ash","level":2,"score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115540264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2945560","display_name":"Biomass (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.545799970626831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518851703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24489","display_name":"Coal","level":2,"score":0.5206000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518881349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682","display_name":"Sulfur","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3528999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188471824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137808","display_name":"Coal combustion products","level":3,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776432453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946","display_name":"Mineral","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86021790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909968","display_name":"Coal gasification","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14223629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/pr14223629","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14223629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201879","display_name":"Processes","issn_l":"2227-9717","issn":["2227-9717"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963699743","https://openalex.org/W1966436101","https://openalex.org/W1968418820","https://openalex.org/W1972219279","https://openalex.org/W1972854999","https://openalex.org/W1978858199","https://openalex.org/W1982571932","https://openalex.org/W1984204273","https://openalex.org/W1987207564","https://openalex.org/W1987570740","https://openalex.org/W1992812714","https://openalex.org/W1993056666","https://openalex.org/W1993452214","https://openalex.org/W1993815341","https://openalex.org/W1997006664","https://openalex.org/W2000615064","https://openalex.org/W2003655587","https://openalex.org/W2006305929","https://openalex.org/W2007103119","https://openalex.org/W2008649849","https://openalex.org/W2009574470","https://openalex.org/W2009980618","https://openalex.org/W2010713656","https://openalex.org/W2019773833","https://openalex.org/W2020729558","https://openalex.org/W2021584149","https://openalex.org/W2024355140","https://openalex.org/W2025754756","https://openalex.org/W2027358334","https://openalex.org/W2029040535","https://openalex.org/W2031504902","https://openalex.org/W2034378277","https://openalex.org/W2040218041","https://openalex.org/W2040807776","https://openalex.org/W2041814347","https://openalex.org/W2043980154","https://openalex.org/W2044002074","https://openalex.org/W2048393367","https://openalex.org/W2052968224","https://openalex.org/W2058137614","https://openalex.org/W2060224982","https://openalex.org/W2072723098","https://openalex.org/W2073780313","https://openalex.org/W2082237764","https://openalex.org/W2082798930","https://openalex.org/W2083238954","https://openalex.org/W2084556987","https://openalex.org/W2088550993","https://openalex.org/W2090537422","https://openalex.org/W2091248159","https://openalex.org/W2092156315","https://openalex.org/W2107218527","https://openalex.org/W2119147562","https://openalex.org/W2136888045","https://openalex.org/W2152323124","https://openalex.org/W2176617543","https://openalex.org/W2186018701","https://openalex.org/W2320220641","https://openalex.org/W2320529188","https://openalex.org/W2323079993","https://openalex.org/W2326276663","https://openalex.org/W2326652368","https://openalex.org/W2557120070","https://openalex.org/W2619232698","https://openalex.org/W2789917268","https://openalex.org/W2791779070","https://openalex.org/W2794930103","https://openalex.org/W2809510151","https://openalex.org/W2889496196","https://openalex.org/W2911467716","https://openalex.org/W2944334012","https://openalex.org/W2996688632","https://openalex.org/W3081433628","https://openalex.org/W3163020370","https://openalex.org/W4200443283","https://openalex.org/W4205722446","https://openalex.org/W4251141403","https://openalex.org/W4283072594","https://openalex.org/W4284964497","https://openalex.org/W4304692343","https://openalex.org/W4317538890","https://openalex.org/W4382319495","https://openalex.org/W4388550475","https://openalex.org/W4389166418","https://openalex.org/W4391246565","https://openalex.org/W4391517764","https://openalex.org/W4396541474"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pulverized":[0],"biomass":[1,48],"combustion":[2,146],"offers":[3],"a":[4,53],"practical":[5],"route":[6],"to":[7,118],"reduce":[8],"fossil":[9],"CO2":[10],"emissions":[11],"while":[12],"retaining":[13],"existing":[14],"coal-fired":[15],"infrastructure,":[16],"but":[17,87],"its":[18],"deployment":[19],"is":[20,59,78],"constrained":[21],"by":[22,82,88,170],"ash-related":[23],"problems\u2014slagging,":[24],"fouling,":[25],"high-temperature":[26],"corrosion,":[27],"SCR":[28],"catalyst":[29],"deactivation,":[30],"and":[31,45,65,69,74,103,115,126,140,150,156,165,176,191],"fine-particle":[32],"emissions.":[33],"These":[34],"problems":[35],"originate":[36],"from":[37],"the":[38,62,89,99,104,107,120,130,133,141],"high":[39],"mobility":[40],"of":[41,56,91,93,106,122,143,163],"alkali":[42],"metals,":[43],"chlorine,":[44],"sulfur":[46],"in":[47,161,198],"fuels:":[49],"unlike":[50],"coal":[51],"minerals,":[52],"considerable":[54],"fraction":[55],"these":[57],"elements":[58],"released":[60],"into":[61],"gas":[63],"phase":[64],"then":[66],"undergoes":[67],"homogeneous":[68],"heterogeneous":[70],"reactions,":[71],"nucleation,":[72],"condensation,":[73],"sulfation.":[75],"Ash":[76],"behavior":[77],"consequently":[79],"governed":[80],"not":[81],"bulk":[83],"ash":[84,125],"content":[85],"alone,":[86],"occurrence":[90],"forms":[92],"inorganic":[94],"elements,":[95],"their":[96],"release":[97],"pathways,":[98],"flue-gas":[100],"cooling":[101,148],"history,":[102],"transformation":[105],"resulting":[108],"particles.":[109],"This":[110],"review":[111],"integrates":[112],"laboratory,":[113],"pilot-scale,":[114],"industrial":[116],"evidence":[117],"describe":[119],"formation":[121],"coarse":[123],"fly":[124],"submicron":[127],"particles":[128],"(PM1),":[129],"coupling":[131],"between":[132],"two":[134],"particle":[135],"populations":[136],"through":[137,187],"alkali-vapor":[138],"uptake,":[139],"effects":[142],"fuel":[144,171],"properties,":[145],"atmosphere,":[147],"rate,":[149],"mineral":[151],"additives.":[152],"Thermodynamic,":[153],"kinetic-reactor,":[154],"aerosol-population,":[155],"CFD-coupled":[157],"models":[158],"are":[159],"compared":[160],"terms":[162],"applicability":[164],"limitations.":[166],"Prediction":[167],"remains":[168],"limited":[169],"variability,":[172],"uncertain":[173],"kinetic":[174],"parameters,":[175],"insufficient":[177],"full-scale":[178],"validation;":[179],"progress":[180],"depends":[181],"more":[182],"on":[183,195],"constraining":[184],"measurable":[185],"inputs":[186],"standardized,":[188],"size-resolved":[189],"measurements":[190],"multi-scale":[192],"validation":[193],"than":[194],"further":[196],"increases":[197],"model":[199],"complexity.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}