{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225728694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","title":"Sociodemographic, Educational, and Motivational Correlates of Multidimensional Empathy Among Croatian Vocational Nursing Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study","display_name":"Sociodemographic, Educational, and Motivational Correlates of Multidimensional Empathy Among Croatian Vocational Nursing Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225728694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ejihpe16110177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739472552","display_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education","issn_l":"2174-8144","issn":["2174-8144","2254-9625"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119185259","display_name":"Martina Trn\u010devi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Trn\u010devi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","Vinogradska Nursing School, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vinogradska Nursing School, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088091166","display_name":"Ljerka Armano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-3167","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-3167"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123681","display_name":"Sisters of Charity Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/024a8dx81","country_code":"HR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123681"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ljerka Papec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0267-3167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123681"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048884096","display_name":"Ivana Pi\u0161\u0107enec","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Pi\u0161\u0107enec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vinogradska Nursing School, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vinogradska Nursing School, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115568668","display_name":"Andrea Armano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6585-4512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6585-4512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262875","display_name":"Veleu\u010dili\u0161te Aspira","ror":"https://ror.org/05qktk524","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262875"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Armano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aspira University of Applied Sciences, Domovinskog Rata 65, 21000 Split, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aspira University of Applied Sciences, Domovinskog Rata 65, 21000 Split, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077706172","display_name":"Aleksandar Racz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-2623","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-2623"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154347574","display_name":"University of Rijeka","ror":"https://ror.org/05r8dqr10","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar Racz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","Faculty of Health Studies, University of Zagreb, Mlinarska Cesta 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-2623","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 5, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Zagreb, Mlinarska Cesta 38, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077706172","https://openalex.org/A5088091166"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154347574","https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I4210123681"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"177","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11999","display_name":"Empathy and Medical Education","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11999","display_name":"Empathy and Medical Education","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12244","display_name":"Healthcare Education and Workforce Issues","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2911","display_name":"Leadership and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14421","display_name":"Educational Philosophies and Pedagogies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.8324000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7616000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776269092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1611074","display_name":"Residence","level":2,"score":0.5579000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5152000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.5008999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780342009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18387795","display_name":"Perspective-taking","level":3,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373833","display_name":"Empathic concern","level":4,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46363204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170571","display_name":"Personal distress","level":3,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192424360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929408","display_name":"Multivariate analysis of variance","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83559648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6654","display_name":"Croatian","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020031316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817452","display_name":"Psychological distress","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017945913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Emotional distress","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ejihpe16110177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739472552","display_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education","issn_l":"2174-8144","issn":["2174-8144","2254-9625"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ejihpe16110177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe16110177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739472552","display_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education","issn_l":"2174-8144","issn":["2174-8144","2254-9625"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","latindex","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1692149955","https://openalex.org/W1980083892","https://openalex.org/W2023787926","https://openalex.org/W2095100977","https://openalex.org/W2169361759","https://openalex.org/W2275737843","https://openalex.org/W2610765860","https://openalex.org/W2801271640","https://openalex.org/W2889494360","https://openalex.org/W2943446807","https://openalex.org/W2995144628","https://openalex.org/W3003968294","https://openalex.org/W3058743497","https://openalex.org/W3177033901","https://openalex.org/W3182101227","https://openalex.org/W4290839595","https://openalex.org/W4309477030","https://openalex.org/W4364353647","https://openalex.org/W4388832692","https://openalex.org/W4391964495","https://openalex.org/W4396829335","https://openalex.org/W4401474151","https://openalex.org/W4409370721","https://openalex.org/W7203697365"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Evidence":[1],"on":[2],"multidimensional":[3],"empathy":[4],"in":[5,17],"secondary-level":[6],"vocational":[7],"nursing":[8,55],"education":[9],"is":[10],"limited.":[11],"This":[12,42],"study":[13,45],"tested":[14],"prespecified":[15],"differences":[16,179],"Perspective":[18],"Taking":[19],"(PT),":[20],"Fantasy":[21],"(FS),":[22],"Empathic":[23],"Concern":[24],"(EC),":[25],"and":[26,39,49,60,69,105,131,142,169,186],"Personal":[27],"Distress":[28],"(PD)":[29],"by":[30,65],"reported":[31,126,139],"sex,":[32],"educational":[33,94],"year,":[34],"residence,":[35],"socioeconomic":[36],"status":[37],"(SES),":[38],"motivation.":[40],"Methods:":[41],"multicentre":[43],"cross-sectional":[44],"included":[46],"879":[47],"third-":[48],"fifth-year":[50,137],"students":[51,125,138],"from":[52],"nine":[53],"Croatian":[54],"schools.":[56],"Hypothesis-aligned":[57],"Welch":[58],"contrasts":[59],"Hedges\u2019":[61],"g":[62],"were":[63,112],"followed":[64],"simultaneous":[66],"HC3":[67],"models":[68],"4999-permutation":[70],"multivariate":[71],"block":[72],"tests.":[73],"Holm":[74],"correction":[75],"controlled":[76],"four-outcome":[77],"families.":[78],"Results:":[79],"In":[80],"adjusted":[81],"analyses":[82],"(n":[83],"=":[84,89,98,103,110,122],"858),":[85],"sex":[86],"(Pillai":[87],"trace":[88],"0.047,":[90],"p":[91,97,102,109],"<":[92],"0.001),":[93],"year":[95,178],"(0.019,":[96],"0.003),":[99],"residence":[100,150],"(0.020,":[101],"0.024),":[104],"intrinsic/altruistic":[106],"motivation":[107,162],"(0.021,":[108],"0.001)":[111],"associated":[113,164],"with":[114,165],"the":[115,135,149],"IRI":[116],"profile;":[117],"SES":[118],"was":[119,147,163],"not":[120,181,189],"(p":[121],"0.124).":[123],"Female":[124],"higher":[127,154,166],"PT,":[128,167],"FS,":[129],"EC,":[130,168],"PD.":[132,170],"Contrary":[133],"to":[134],"hypothesis,":[136],"lower":[140],"PT":[141],"EC.":[143],"The":[144],"rural\u2013urban":[145],"hypothesis":[146],"unsupported;":[148],"result":[151],"mainly":[152],"reflected":[153],"PD":[155,187],"among":[156],"suburban":[157],"than":[158],"urban":[159],"students.":[160],"Intrinsic/altruistic":[161],"Conclusions:":[171],"Prespecified":[172],"hypotheses":[173],"received":[174],"mixed":[175],"support.":[176],"Cross-sectional":[177],"do":[180],"demonstrate":[182],"educationally":[183],"caused":[184],"change,":[185],"must":[188],"be":[190],"interpreted":[191],"as":[192],"uniformly":[193],"adaptive":[194],"empathy.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}