{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225699116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","title":"Harris Hawks Optimization\u2013Optimized Explainable Quality Index for Tomato Grading","display_name":"Harris Hawks Optimization\u2013Optimized Explainable Quality Index for Tomato Grading","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225699116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","pdf_url":"https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/jdsis/article/download/11565/2307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287296","display_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2972-3841","issn":["2972-3841"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/jdsis/article/download/11565/2307","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008182014","display_name":"Van Van Chau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Van Van Chau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048354076","display_name":"Phayung Meesad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-6457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-6457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82828225","display_name":"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok","ror":"https://ror.org/04fy6jb97","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phayung Meesad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology Management, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3742-6457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology Management, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075679960","display_name":"Nguyen Minh Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-1759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-1759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400600977","display_name":"Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0363rtq22","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minh Tuan Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4035-1759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400600977"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.008799999952316284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8036999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4465000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206041023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751970","display_name":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","level":3,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780393073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7335586","display_name":"Ripeness","level":3,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33959","display_name":"Nice","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.29109999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","pdf_url":"https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/jdsis/article/download/11565/2307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287296","display_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2972-3841","issn":["2972-3841"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.47852/bonviewjdsis620211565","pdf_url":"https://ojs.bonviewpress.com/index.php/jdsis/article/download/11565/2307","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287296","display_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","issn_l":"2972-3841","issn":["2972-3841"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","oarl","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Data Science and Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225699116.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225699116.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2919979744","https://openalex.org/W4292560028","https://openalex.org/W4319963442","https://openalex.org/W4380683436","https://openalex.org/W4390050011","https://openalex.org/W4403919128","https://openalex.org/W4404905321","https://openalex.org/W4406523202","https://openalex.org/W4408185621","https://openalex.org/W4408826702","https://openalex.org/W4411048269","https://openalex.org/W4412929721","https://openalex.org/W4414042497","https://openalex.org/W4414509589","https://openalex.org/W7133714637"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"tomato":[1,268],"ripeness":[2],"and":[3,11,99,124,135,198,310,321],"quality":[4],"grading":[5,68,222],"is":[6,100,275,295],"essential":[7],"for":[8,66],"precision":[9],"agriculture":[10],"industrial":[12],"packing":[13],"lines,":[14],"replacing":[15],"slow,":[16],"subjective":[17],"manual":[18],"sorting.":[19],"Most":[20],"reported":[21],"systems,":[22],"however,":[23],"rely":[24],"on":[25,96,285],"heavy":[26],"deep":[27],"networks":[28],"or":[29,38],"a":[30,47,61,103,187,192,205,215,226,299],"single":[31],"accuracy":[32,141,164],"figure":[33],"without":[34],"ablation,":[35,126],"statistical":[36],"validation,":[37],"an":[39],"explicit":[40],"accuracy\u2013interpretability\u2013latency":[41],"trade-off.":[42],"This":[43],"study":[44,213,274],"proposes":[45],"HHO-XQI,":[46],"Harris":[48],"Hawks":[49],"Optimization":[50],"(HHO)-optimized":[51],"Explainable":[52],"Quality":[53,64],"Index":[54,65],"that":[55,224,254],"fuses":[56,80],"interpretable":[57],"color-statistical":[58],"features":[59],"into":[60],"continuous":[62],"Tomato":[63],"four-class":[67],"(Damaged,":[69],"Old,":[70],"Ripe,":[71],"Unripe).":[72],"The":[73,212,251,267,317],"framework":[74],"extracts":[75],"125":[76],"RGB/HSV/Lab":[77],"colorstatistical":[78],"descriptors,":[79],"four":[81],"base":[82],"learners":[83],"(logistic":[84],"regression,":[85],"random":[86],"forest,":[87],"extra":[88,154],"trees,":[89],"k-nearest":[90],"neighbors)":[91],"via":[92],"HHO-optimized":[93],"soft":[94],"voting":[95],"7,226":[97],"images,":[98],"benchmarked":[101],"against":[102],"fine-tuned":[104],"ResNet18":[105],"CNN":[106,161,200,322],"with":[107,119],"Gradient-weighted":[108],"Class":[109],"Activation":[110],"Mapping":[111],"(Grad-CAM).":[112],"Evaluation":[113],"combined":[114],"held-out":[115],"accuracy/macro-F1,":[116],"repeated":[117],"cross-validation":[118],"Holm-corrected":[120],"Wilcoxon":[121],"tests,":[122],"feature-":[123],"ensemble-composition":[125],"HHO":[127,319],"sensitivity/convergence":[128],"analysis,":[129,344],"SHapley":[130],"Additive":[131],"exPlanations":[132],"(SHAP)":[133],"attribution,":[134],"latency/training-time":[136],"profiling.":[137],"HHO-XQI":[138,190],"reached":[139,162],"94.62%":[140],"(92.90%":[142],"macro-F1),":[143],"significantly":[144],"beating":[145],"three":[146],"baselines":[147],"(p":[148,157],"<":[149],"10\u22124":[150],")":[151],"but":[152,207],"not":[153,296],"trees":[155],"alone":[156],"=":[158],"0.071);":[159],"the":[160,199,276,289,303,306,328],"99.31%":[163],"at":[165],"comparable":[166],"CPU":[167],"latency":[168],"(11.31":[169],"vs.":[170,181],"12.05":[171],"ms)":[172],"yet":[173],"required":[174],"approximately":[175],"147":[176],"\u00d7":[177],"longer":[178],"training":[179,323],"(575.7":[180],"3.92":[182],"s).":[183],"These":[184],"findings":[185],"support":[186],"two-tier":[188],"deployment:":[189],"as":[191,204,298],"near-instantly":[193],"retrainable,":[194],"SHAP-native":[195],"first-stage":[196],"screener,":[197],"+":[201],"Grad-CAM":[202],"branch":[203],"slower-to-retrain":[206],"more":[208],"accurate":[209],"second-stage":[210],"auditor.":[211],"contributes":[214],"statistically":[216],"validated,":[217],"fully":[218],"reproducible":[219],"metaheuristic-fused":[220],"explainable":[221],"pipeline":[223],"fills":[225],"rigor":[227],"gap":[228],"common":[229],"in":[230,272,302],"agricultural":[231],"swarm-intelligence":[232],"literature.":[233],"Received:":[234],"29":[235,245],"July":[236],"2026":[237,242,247],"|":[238,243],"Revised:":[239],"7":[240],"September":[241,246],"Accepted:":[244],"Conflicts":[248],"of":[249,259],"Interest":[250],"authors":[252],"declare":[253],"they":[255],"have":[256],"no":[257],"conflicts":[258],"interest":[260],"to":[261],"this":[262,273,293],"work.":[263],"Data":[264,357],"Availability":[265],"Statement":[266,336],"image":[269],"dataset":[270,280,294,308],"used":[271],"publicly":[277],"available":[278,326],"Tomatoes":[279],"published":[281],"by":[282],"Enalis":[283],"(2023)":[284],"Kaggle:":[286],"https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/enalis/tomatoes-dataset.":[287],"Per":[288],"journal\u2019s":[290],"editorial":[291],"guidance,":[292],"listed":[297],"numbered":[300],"reference":[301,304],"list;":[305],"full":[307],"citation":[309],"access":[311],"link":[312],"are":[313,325],"provided":[314],"here":[315],"instead.":[316],"feature-extraction,":[318],"optimization,":[320],"code":[324],"from":[327],"corresponding":[329],"author":[330],"upon":[331],"reasonable":[332],"request.":[333],"Author":[334],"Contribution":[335],"Van":[337,338],"Chau:":[339],"Conceptualization,":[340,354],"Methodology,":[341,355],"Software,":[342],"Formal":[343],"Investigation,":[345],"Writing":[346,359,369],"\u2013":[347,360,370],"original":[348],"draft,":[349],"Visualization.":[350],"Minh":[351],"Tuan":[352],"Nguyen:":[353],"Validation,":[356],"curation,":[358],"review":[361,371],"&":[362,372],"editing,":[363,373],"Project":[364,375],"administration.":[365,376],"Phayung":[366],"Meesad:":[367],"Resources,":[368],"Supervision,":[374]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-11T00:00:00"}