{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225664278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","title":"Governing Frontier AI: Organizational Boundaries and the Providers of AI Governance","display_name":"Governing Frontier AI: Organizational Boundaries and the Providers of AI Governance","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225664278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aisoc1020009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062957","display_name":"AI for Society","issn_l":"3042-9692","issn":["3042-9692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI for Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103719774","display_name":"Anish Mukherjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4404-8149","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4404-8149","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2226-8108"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1301952750","display_name":"Halle Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03gjpvv92","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1301952750","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anushka Mukherjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Macroeconomics, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH), 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4404-8149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Macroeconomics, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Wirtschaftsforschung Halle (IWH), 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301952750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103719774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1301952750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"2","first_page":"9","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontier-ai","display_name":"frontier AI","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-boundaries","display_name":"organizational boundaries","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-developers","display_name":"AI developers","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crunchbase","display_name":"Crunchbase","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openai","display_name":"OpenAI","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropic","display_name":"Anthropic","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification-bodies","display_name":"certification bodies","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.692799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.5745000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.505299985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.37560001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162222271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92779871","display_name":"Public good","level":2,"score":0.36309999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778571376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355821","display_name":"Frontier","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516990006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578710","display_name":"Organizational economics","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.295199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141571065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771949","display_name":"Performance measurement","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187452473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2897903","display_name":"Goods and services","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31196326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257916","display_name":"Public institution","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164429055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165","display_name":"Institutionalisation","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/aisoc1020009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062957","display_name":"AI for Society","issn_l":"3042-9692","issn":["3042-9692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI for Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aisoc1020009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aisoc1020009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062957","display_name":"AI for Society","issn_l":"3042-9692","issn":["3042-9692"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI for Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589849471","https://openalex.org/W1991001023","https://openalex.org/W2015930340","https://openalex.org/W2070639717","https://openalex.org/W2117455041","https://openalex.org/W2168352111","https://openalex.org/W2274887581","https://openalex.org/W2799670133","https://openalex.org/W2996541402","https://openalex.org/W3001807593","https://openalex.org/W3014972121","https://openalex.org/W3158479996","https://openalex.org/W3167266398","https://openalex.org/W3211982349","https://openalex.org/W3212259563","https://openalex.org/W4214629857","https://openalex.org/W4283168787","https://openalex.org/W4288058319","https://openalex.org/W4317748910","https://openalex.org/W4385156372","https://openalex.org/W4391335370","https://openalex.org/W4403612607","https://openalex.org/W4409883896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7165442801","https://openalex.org/W7172527036","https://openalex.org/W7169138293","https://openalex.org/W4403612607","https://openalex.org/W7160517727","https://openalex.org/W7166330555","https://openalex.org/W4410907506","https://openalex.org/W7138094818","https://openalex.org/W7197034152","https://openalex.org/W7213881142"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Who":[0],"performs":[1],"the":[2,82,119,143,146,176],"work":[3],"of":[4,45,73,90,114,140,155,188,213],"frontier-AI":[5,214],"governance,":[6],"and":[7,93,99,109,123,197,207,216],"what":[8],"role":[9],"do":[10],"commercial":[11,46,144],"specialists":[12],"play":[13],"in":[14,168,175],"it?":[15],"We":[16],"combine":[17],"first-party":[18],"disclosures":[19,209],"from":[20],"12":[21],"developers":[22],"with":[23,40,172,224],"at":[24],"least":[25],"one":[26],"publicly":[27],"announced":[28],"model":[29],"whose":[30],"training":[31],"compute":[32],"is":[33,81,121],"estimated":[34],"to":[35],"be":[36,134,222],"above":[37],"1025":[38],"FLOPs":[39],"a":[41,137,184],"frozen":[42,147],"Crunchbase-derived":[43],"classifier":[44,148],"AI-governance":[47],"providers.":[48],"A":[49],"systematic":[50],"verification":[51],"pass":[52],"yields":[53],"238":[54],"realized":[55],"model-":[56],"or":[57,227],"system-specific":[58],"governance-provision":[59],"instances":[60],"across":[61],"10":[62],"developers.":[63],"Collapsing":[64],"repeated":[65],"model-level":[66],"observations":[67],"produces":[68],"99":[69,91],"unique":[70],"developer\u2013provider/process\u2013function":[71],"relationships,":[72],"which":[74,156],"58":[75,115],"cross":[76],"an":[77],"organizational":[78,218],"boundary.":[79],"Evaluation":[80],"most":[83],"frequently":[84],"documented":[85],"function,":[86],"accounting":[87],"for":[88,112],"53":[89],"relationships":[92],"spanning":[94],"internal,":[95],"for-profit/certification,":[96],"public,":[97],"nonprofit/research,":[98],"unnamed":[100],"external":[101,116],"modes.":[102],"External":[103],"evidence":[104,120,181],"remains":[105],"highly":[106],"concentrated:":[107],"OpenAI":[108],"Anthropic":[110],"account":[111],"50":[113],"relationships.":[117],"Because":[118],"disclosure-dependent":[122],"based":[124],"primarily":[125],"on":[126],"English-language":[127],"public":[128,194],"sources,":[129],"this":[130],"concentration":[131],"should":[132,220],"not":[133,221],"read":[135],"as":[136],"population":[138],"measure":[139],"outsourcing.":[141],"On":[142],"side,":[145],"identifies":[149],"51":[150],"canonical":[151],"specialist":[152,189],"firms,":[153,190],"25":[154],"have":[157,164],"positive":[158],"disclosed":[159,169],"funding":[160],"amounts.":[161],"These":[162],"firms":[163],"approximately":[165],"$428.5":[166],"million":[167],"historical":[170],"funding,":[171],"85.3%":[173],"concentrated":[174],"ten":[177],"largest.":[178],"The":[179,200],"developer-centered":[180],"nevertheless":[182],"contains":[183],"broader":[185],"institutional":[186],"set":[187],"diversified":[191],"service":[192],"providers,":[193],"institutes,":[195],"nonprofits,":[196],"certification":[198],"bodies.":[199],"results":[201],"show":[202],"why":[203,217],"venture-oriented":[204],"provider":[205],"data":[206],"developer":[208],"capture":[210],"different":[211],"layers":[212],"governance":[215,229],"externality":[219],"equated":[223],"substantive":[225],"independence":[226],"adequate":[228],"capacity.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
