{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225657665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","title":"Mortality Trends in Unspecified Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Co-Recorded with Liver Cirrhosis in U.S. Adults Aged 45 Years and Older, 1999\u20132024","display_name":"Mortality Trends in Unspecified Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Co-Recorded with Liver Cirrhosis in U.S. Adults Aged 45 Years and Older, 1999\u20132024","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225657665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diseases14110409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736521255","display_name":"Diseases","issn_l":"2079-9721","issn":["2079-9721"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113405591","display_name":"Nadir Akhtar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadir Akhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123669963","display_name":"javeria gul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0890-8672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0890-8672"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143794436","display_name":"Khyber Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01vr7z878","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143794436","https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Javeria Gul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0890-8672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143794436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161339428","display_name":"Saad Aurangzeb","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Aurangzeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044418451","display_name":"Sobia Hina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8890-6473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8890-6473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386779","display_name":"Khyber Girls Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/05c08zp36","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386779"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sobia Hina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8890-6473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138532945","display_name":"Gabriel Benjamen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-9655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-9655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133879957","display_name":"St. George's University","ror":"https://ror.org/01m1s6313","country_code":"GD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}],"countries":["GD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Benjamen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s University, University Centre, St. George\u2019s P.O. Box 7, Grenada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s University, University Centre, St. George\u2019s P.O. Box 7, Grenada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040568430","display_name":"Kanwal Akhtar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3262-8410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3262-8410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143794436","display_name":"Khyber Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01vr7z878","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143794436","https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanwal Akhtar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3262-8410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143794436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161352159","display_name":"Kashish Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25974024","display_name":"Baqai Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v2x9m21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kashish Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, Baqai Medical University, Karachi 75340, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, Baqai Medical University, Karachi 75340, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25974024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125554112","display_name":"Eishal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3978-5419","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3978-5419"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143794436","display_name":"Khyber Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01vr7z878","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143794436","https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eishal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143794436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161331491","display_name":"Saqib Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9769-215X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9769-215X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saqib Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9769-215X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naseer Teaching Hospital, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147197842","display_name":"Hamza Bashir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5255-0217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5255-0217"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamza Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ameer ud Din Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5255-0217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ameer ud Din Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161351793","display_name":"Muhammad Ali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161341435","display_name":"Sania Minhas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143794436","display_name":"Khyber Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/01vr7z878","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143794436","https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sania Minhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Medical College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143794436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161337151","display_name":"Zia Ur Rehman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405280435","display_name":"Pak International Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/02y49qz04","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405280435"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zia Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405280435"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161355372","display_name":"Munnail Hassan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137562272","display_name":"Ayub Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03aypnd11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137562272"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munnail Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad 22010, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137562272"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087311401","display_name":"Ikram Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-9053","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7070-9053","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6651-1822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137562272","display_name":"Ayub Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03aypnd11","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137562272"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ikram Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 22040, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6651-1822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 22040, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137562272"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106251119","display_name":"Wajeeha Anwar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386779","display_name":"Khyber Girls Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/05c08zp36","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386779"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wajeeha Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161314223","display_name":"Ahmad Raza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405273397","display_name":"Quaid-e-Azam Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/05rxs6b95","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405273397"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405273397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5148906272","display_name":"Tabbasum Rahim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128772","display_name":"Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03btpnr35","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128772"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tabbasum Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128772"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113250775","display_name":"Savaira Elahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1221-7227","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1221-7227"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801036794","display_name":"Hayatabad Medical Complex","ror":"https://ror.org/03vpd6e34","country_code":"PK","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801036794"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Savaira Elahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), Peshawar 25100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC), Peshawar 25100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801036794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161330856","display_name":"Gulrukh Maaz.k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9303-0999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9303-0999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24542750","display_name":"Khyber Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nv6q035","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gulrukh Maaz.k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Kohat 26000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9303-0999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Kohat 26000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24542750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161350299","display_name":"Hamid Shams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Shams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhammad College of Medicine, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038361287","display_name":"Bilal Shams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36001604","display_name":"University of Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02t2qwf81","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Shams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161316158","display_name":"Isha Jaffer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312995270","display_name":"Karachi Medical and Dental College","ror":"https://ror.org/02afbf040","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312995270"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isha Jaffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi 74700, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi 74700, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312995270"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":14,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5138532945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133879957"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"409","last_page":"409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11378","display_name":"Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.7705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11378","display_name":"Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.7705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10337","display_name":"Liver Disease and Transplantation","score":0.20090000331401825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11625","display_name":"Abdominal vascular conditions and treatments","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gastrointestinal-bleeding","display_name":"gastrointestinal bleeding","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cirrhosis","display_name":"liver cirrhosis","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality-trends","display_name":"mortality trends","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/death-certificates","display_name":"death certificates","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/esophageal-varices","display_name":"esophageal varices","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-adjusted-mortality-rates","display_name":"age-adjusted mortality rates","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9042999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777214474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778","display_name":"Cirrhosis","level":2,"score":0.7822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777683767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q708653","display_name":"Death certificate","level":4,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778080469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1495657","display_name":"Gastrointestinal bleeding","level":2,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5309000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780705689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915863","display_name":"Lower gastrointestinal bleeding","level":5,"score":0.46209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.42809998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.4171000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2624485","display_name":"Varices","level":3,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777595160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q298278","display_name":"Esophageal varices","level":4,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.296099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777575235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558404","display_name":"Alcoholic liver disease","level":3,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987315675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773974","display_name":"Disease control","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/diseases14110409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736521255","display_name":"Diseases","issn_l":"2079-9721","issn":["2079-9721"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/diseases14110409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14110409","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736521255","display_name":"Diseases","issn_l":"2079-9721","issn":["2079-9721"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964051982","https://openalex.org/W2077618811","https://openalex.org/W2079703851","https://openalex.org/W2079748214","https://openalex.org/W2102312730","https://openalex.org/W2134599653","https://openalex.org/W2172137144","https://openalex.org/W2883047299","https://openalex.org/W2884323913","https://openalex.org/W2986026682","https://openalex.org/W3181395511","https://openalex.org/W4200473175","https://openalex.org/W4210725505","https://openalex.org/W4210872760","https://openalex.org/W4226390894","https://openalex.org/W4284879335","https://openalex.org/W4307868840","https://openalex.org/W4375945849","https://openalex.org/W4380272379","https://openalex.org/W4381893710","https://openalex.org/W4382786306","https://openalex.org/W4387865678","https://openalex.org/W4390593693","https://openalex.org/W4406102292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417163748","https://openalex.org/W4417163744","https://openalex.org/W7114799747","https://openalex.org/W7111184710","https://openalex.org/W2883047299","https://openalex.org/W4412799990","https://openalex.org/W2978611014","https://openalex.org/W4417245585","https://openalex.org/W2921847822","https://openalex.org/W4417238591"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background/Objectives:":[0],"Death":[1],"certificates":[2],"provide":[3],"a":[4,182,199],"population-level":[5],"measure":[6],"of":[7,150,166],"mortality":[8,56,67],"involving":[9],"gastrointestinal":[10],"hemorrhage":[11],"(GIH)":[12],"and":[13,24,35,46,91,115,193,218,223],"liver":[14],"cirrhosis.":[15],"We":[16],"examined":[17],"trends":[18,225],"in":[19,116],"deaths":[20],"with":[21,109,163,190],"unspecified":[22,191],"GIH":[23,192],"selected":[25,194],"cirrhosis":[26,196],"codes":[27,197,216],"recorded":[28],"among":[29,113],"U.S.":[30,77],"adults":[31],"aged":[32],"45":[33],"years":[34],"older":[36],"from":[37],"1999":[38],"through":[39],"2024.":[40],"Methods:":[41],"Centers":[42],"for":[43,51,60],"Disease":[44],"Control":[45],"Prevention":[47],"Wide-Ranging":[48],"Online":[49],"Data":[50],"Epidemiologic":[52],"Research":[53],"(CDC":[54],"WONDER)":[55],"data":[57],"were":[58,72,97,176],"queried":[59],"K92.2":[61],"AND":[62],"(K70.3":[63],"OR":[64],"K74.6).":[65],"Age-adjusted":[66],"rates":[68],"(AAMRs)":[69],"per":[70],"100,000":[71],"standardized":[73],"to":[74,133,169],"the":[75,117,178,214],"2000":[76],"population.":[78],"Joinpoint":[79],"models":[80],"evaluated":[81],"national":[82],"trends,":[83],"alternative":[84],"model":[85,140,180,228],"restrictions,":[86],"an":[87,148,164],"expanded":[88],"bleeding":[89,157,207,215],"definition":[90],"overlapping":[92],"cirrhosis-code":[93],"strata.":[94],"Results:":[95],"There":[96],"75,309":[98],"deaths,":[99,162],"averaging":[100],"2897":[101],"annually.":[102],"The":[103,119,209],"mean":[104],"annual":[105,123],"AAMR":[106],"was":[107,127,141],"2.27,":[108],"higher":[110],"descriptive":[111],"means":[112],"males":[114],"West.":[118],"primary":[120],"full-period":[121,221],"average":[122],"percent":[124],"change":[125,222],"(AAPC)":[126],"0.48%":[128],"(95%":[129],"confidence":[130],"interval,":[131],"\u22120.59":[132],"1.57;":[134],"p":[135,153,171],"=":[136,154,172],"0.381).":[137],"A":[138],"maximum-two-joinpoint":[139],"also":[142],"nonsignificant,":[143],"whereas":[144],"wider":[145],"spacing":[146],"yielded":[147],"AAPC":[149,165],"1.14%":[151],"(0.20\u20132.09;":[152],"0.018).":[155],"Adding":[156],"esophageal":[158],"varices":[159],"identified":[160,210],"105,000":[161],"0.26%":[167],"(\u22120.52":[168],"1.05;":[170],"0.508).":[173],"Cirrhosis-code":[174],"analyses":[175],"exploratory;":[177],"K70.3":[179],"included":[181],"three-observation":[183],"initial":[184],"segment,":[185],"limiting":[186],"interpretation.":[187],"Conclusions:":[188],"Mortality":[189],"co-recorded":[195],"represents":[198],"defined":[200],"death":[201],"certificate":[202],"endpoint,":[203],"not":[204],"all":[205],"cirrhosis-related":[206],"mortality.":[208],"burden":[211],"depended":[212,226],"on":[213,227],"included,":[217],"inference":[219],"about":[220],"late":[224],"restrictions.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}