{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225657459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","title":"A Criminological Examination of Cryptocurrency-Related Crimes with a Focus on Iran's Legislative Criminal Policy","display_name":"A Criminological Examination of Cryptocurrency-Related Crimes with a Focus on Iran's Legislative Criminal Policy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225657459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24002466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062200","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine","issn_l":"3035-4803","issn":["3035-4803"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063461661","display_name":"Abbas Ali Akbari","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255386","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici","ror":"https://ror.org/02ys9r941","country_code":"IT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255386"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akbari, Abbas Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161334699","display_name":"Majid Bahari Ghazani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405255386","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici","ror":"https://ror.org/02ys9r941","country_code":"IT","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405255386"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahari Ghazani, Majid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aequitas Magazine Associazione culturale di Ricerca e Studi giuridici","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255386"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405255386"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/money-laundering","display_name":"money laundering","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency-fraud","display_name":"cryptocurrency fraud","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-currency","display_name":"digital currency","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-policy","display_name":"criminal policy","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iran","display_name":"Iran","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime-prevention","display_name":"cybercrime prevention","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-cooperation","display_name":"international cooperation","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybercrime-legislation","display_name":"cybercrime legislation","score":0.4230000078678131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780005421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151900","display_name":"Money laundering","level":2,"score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83009810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11204","display_name":"Legislature","level":2,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.4659000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.3650999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522325796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471880","display_name":"Identity theft","level":2,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.35339999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989129637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29137","display_name":"Cyber crime","level":3,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24002466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062200","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine","issn_l":"3035-4803","issn":["3035-4803"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24002467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002467","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062200","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine","issn_l":"3035-4803","issn":["3035-4803"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24002466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24002466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407062200","display_name":"Aequitas Magazine","issn_l":"3035-4803","issn":["3035-4803"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["ddh","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128516439","https://openalex.org/W4416260495","https://openalex.org/W4404018274","https://openalex.org/W7216592815","https://openalex.org/W4412143888","https://openalex.org/W2986202256","https://openalex.org/W4413878981","https://openalex.org/W7204153918","https://openalex.org/W7166324073","https://openalex.org/W7214641008"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"technological":[1],"developments":[2],"have":[3,60],"continually":[4],"generated":[5],"new":[6],"instruments":[7],"and":[8,15,36,45,78,91,103,107,118,147,152,158,172,201,209,215,219,234,249],"mechanisms":[9],"for":[10],"the":[11,16,51,65,92,121,133,137,145,164,170,189,195,203,206,213,220,228,244],"advancement":[12],"of":[13,18,23,26,41,67,84,96,123,135,140,149,166,174,191,197,205,212,222,230,243,247],"knowledge":[14,208],"facilitation":[17],"human":[19],"life.":[20],"The":[21,126],"possibility":[22],"criminal":[24,89,232,238],"misuse":[25],"such":[27,131],"developments,":[28],"however,":[29],"should":[30],"not":[31],"justify":[32],"abandoning":[33],"their":[34,56,85,97],"legitimate":[35,57],"beneficial":[37],"functions.":[38],"Virtual":[39],"forms":[40],"money,":[42],"particularly":[43],"digital":[44,124],"cryptographically":[46],"secured":[47],"currencies,":[48],"are":[49],"among":[50,156],"emerging":[52,250],"phenomena":[53],"that,":[54],"alongside":[55],"economic":[58],"applications,":[59],"increasingly":[61],"been":[62],"associated":[63],"with":[64],"commission":[66],"certain":[68],"offences.":[69,168],"Although":[70,169],"cryptocurrency-related":[71],"offending":[72],"takes":[73,241],"diverse":[74],"forms,":[75],"money":[76,116,178],"laundering":[77,117],"fraud":[79,119],"warrant":[80],"particular":[81],"attention":[82],"because":[83],"links":[86],"to":[87,163],"other":[88,216],"activities":[90],"frequently":[93],"organized":[94],"nature":[95],"commission.":[98],"Employing":[99],"a":[100,235],"descriptive-analytical":[101],"method":[102],"drawing":[104],"on":[105],"documentary":[106],"library-based":[108],"sources,":[109],"this":[110,226],"study":[111],"examines":[112],"preventive":[113],"measures":[114],"against":[115],"in":[120],"field":[122],"currencies.":[125],"findings":[127],"indicate":[128],"that":[129,240],"factors":[130],"as":[132],"difficulty":[134],"identifying":[136],"true":[138],"identity":[139],"transaction":[141],"parties,":[142],"uncertainty":[143],"regarding":[144],"origin":[146],"destination":[148],"transferred":[150],"funds,":[151],"insufficient":[153],"technical":[154,207],"expertise":[155,211],"law-enforcement":[157],"prosecutorial":[159],"authorities":[160],"contribute":[161],"materially":[162],"expansion":[165,221],"these":[167,183],"detection":[171],"prosecution":[173],"cybercrime,":[175],"especially":[176],"cryptocurrency-based":[177],"laundering,":[179],"face":[180],"significant":[181],"obstacles,":[182],"difficulties":[184],"can":[185],"be":[186],"mitigated":[187],"through":[188],"capacities":[190],"specialized":[192],"public":[193],"institutions,":[194],"involvement":[196],"qualified":[198],"private":[199],"persons":[200],"entities,":[202],"enhancement":[204],"practical":[210],"police":[214],"responsible":[217],"bodies,":[218],"international":[223],"cooperation.":[224],"Against":[225],"background,":[227],"adoption":[229],"proportionate":[231],"provisions":[233],"comprehensive,":[236],"coordinated":[237],"policy":[239],"account":[242],"complex":[245],"characteristics":[246],"cyberspace":[248],"financial":[251],"technologies":[252],"is":[253],"indispensable.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}