{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225655417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","title":"Artificial Intelligence in the EU: A Double-Edged Sword on the Path to Defence Autonomy","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in the EU: A Double-Edged Sword on the Path to Defence Autonomy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225655417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24090291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121958369","display_name":"Oscar Josafat Leyva Ferzuli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leyva Ferzuli, Oscar Josafat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dublin City University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6334-7503","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dublin City University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121958369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":0.49239999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12888","display_name":"Military Strategy and Technology","score":0.49239999055862427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.3425000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14423","display_name":"Military Technology and Strategies","score":0.028599999845027924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-warfare","display_name":"artificial intelligence in warfare","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-ai-act","display_name":"EU AI Act","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-centered-ai","display_name":"human-centered AI","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-parliament","display_name":"European Parliament","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-commission","display_name":"European Commission","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsible-ai","display_name":"responsible AI","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-procurement","display_name":"defense acquisition","score":0.44200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-ethics","display_name":"AI ethics","score":0.3100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.567300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201960208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159385","display_name":"Geopolitics","level":3,"score":0.5422000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124119293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6046081","display_name":"Interdiction","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.384799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781440851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35749","display_name":"Parliament","level":3,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781016034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794134","display_name":"Due diligence","level":2,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781424646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395200","display_name":"SWORD","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93377909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181648","display_name":"Foreign policy","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2767350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6662173","display_name":"Business intelligence","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169087156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2131593","display_name":"Framing (construction)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020782553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880","display_name":"European commission","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779033394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186733","display_name":"Critical infrastructure protection","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146847282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466938","display_name":"Subsidiarity","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776205810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001059","display_name":"Writ","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776212127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52843","display_name":"Treaty of Lisbon","level":4,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528167355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258307","display_name":"National security","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C538168058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q364056","display_name":"Arms control","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24090291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24090292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24090291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24090291","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7111736439","https://openalex.org/W4321015031","https://openalex.org/W4401664613","https://openalex.org/W7203875498","https://openalex.org/W4405982051","https://openalex.org/W4405007747","https://openalex.org/W4323042941","https://openalex.org/W7008202552","https://openalex.org/W4416928582","https://openalex.org/W4379985300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68,250],"European":[1,69,85,90],"Union":[2],"is":[3,20],"facing":[4],"increasing":[5],"geopolitical":[6,229],"pressure":[7],"to":[8,40,60,106,140,159,169,246,262,268,298,310],"strengthen":[9],"its":[10,62,254,277],"defence":[11,63,96,232,241,324],"capabilities":[12,33],"in":[13,146,239,258],"a":[14,27,49,54,73,264,273],"context":[15],"where":[16],"artificial":[17],"intelligence":[18],"(\u2018AI\u2019)":[19],"rapidly":[21],"transforming":[22],"modern":[23],"warfare.":[24],"This":[25,198,223],"creates":[26],"dual":[28],"challenge:":[29],"enhancing":[30],"military":[31,43,117,160,215,269,304],"AI":[32,44,118,121,126,130,161,216,285,305],"while":[34,83],"preserving":[35],"the":[36,51,84,89,111,114,120,123,133,136,147,180,193,196,221,235,281,288,319],"EU\u2019s":[37],"human-centric":[38,301],"approach":[39,267],"AI.":[41],"Although":[42],"has":[45],"been":[46],"identified":[47],"as":[48,179,210],"priority,":[50],"EU":[52,240,251,308],"lacks":[53],"unified":[55],"position,":[56],"and":[57,80,88,95,101,154,183,189,234,260,280,292,325],"fragmentation":[58,205,327],"continues":[59],"characterise":[61],"landscape.":[64],"Institutionally,":[65],"approaches":[66,158],"diverge.":[67],"Parliament":[70],"(\u2018EP\u2019)":[71],"promotes":[72],"rights-based":[74],"framework":[75],"centred":[76],"on":[77,132],"human":[78],"control":[79],"ethical":[81,311],"constraints,":[82],"Commission":[86],"(\u2018EC\u2019)":[87],"Council":[91],"emphasise":[92],"capability":[93,204,316],"development":[94,317],"readiness.":[97],"Existing":[98],"strategic":[99],"frameworks":[100],"cooperation":[102],"mechanisms":[103],"do":[104],"little":[105],"reconcile":[107],"these":[108,248],"perspectives.":[109],"At":[110,287],"same":[112,289],"time,":[113,290],"exclusion":[115],"of":[116,135,149,276,283],"from":[119,165],"Act,":[122],"Union\u2019s":[124,320],"comprehensive":[125],"legislation":[127],"that":[128,227],"regulates":[129],"systems":[131],"basis":[134],"risk":[137],"they":[138],"present":[139],"fundamental":[141],"rights,":[142],"leaves":[143],"governance":[144],"largely":[145],"hands":[148],"Member":[150],"States,":[151],"reinforcing":[152],"regulatory":[153],"operational":[155],"fragmentation.":[156],"National":[157],"vary":[162],"significantly,":[163],"ranging":[164],"more":[166,187,265],"developed":[167],"strategies":[168],"indirect":[170],"or":[171],"absent":[172],"references.":[173],"In":[174],"contrast,":[175],"global":[176],"actors":[177],"such":[178],"United":[181],"States":[182],"China":[184],"are":[185],"advancing":[186],"coherent":[188,266],"centralised":[190],"approaches,":[191],"widening":[192],"gap":[194],"with":[195,318],"EU.":[197],"uneven":[199],"landscape":[200],"risks":[201],"not":[202],"only":[203],"but":[206],"also":[207],"value":[208,326],"fragmentation,":[209],"differing":[211],"standards":[212],"for":[213],"responsible":[214],"could":[217],"potentially":[218],"emerge":[219],"across":[220],"Union.":[222],"policy":[224],"paper":[225],"argues":[226],"current":[228],"momentum,":[230],"increased":[231],"spending,":[233],"EC\u2019s":[236],"growing":[237],"role":[238,282],"matters":[242],"provide":[243],"an":[244],"opportunity":[245],"address":[247],"challenges.":[249],"should":[252,295],"leverage":[253],"supranational":[255],"strengths,":[256],"particularly":[257],"funding":[259],"coordination,":[261],"foster":[263],"AI,":[270],"including":[271],"through":[272],"better":[274],"understanding":[275],"dual-use":[278],"nature":[279],"civilian":[284],"actors.":[286],"financial":[291],"procurement":[293],"instruments":[294],"be":[296],"used":[297],"embed":[299],"responsible,":[300],"principles":[302],"into":[303],"development.":[306],"Linking":[307],"support":[309],"requirements":[312],"would":[313],"help":[314],"align":[315],"values,":[321],"addressing":[322],"both":[323],"without":[328],"requiring":[329],"immediate":[330],"legislative":[331],"reform.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
