{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225653382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","title":"Limited-Data Radar\u2013Audio Fusion for Room-Level Intrusion Detection: Multi-Level Performance Evaluation and Cross-Environment Validation","display_name":"Limited-Data Radar\u2013Audio Fusion for Room-Level Intrusion Detection: Multi-Level Performance Evaluation and Cross-Environment Validation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225653382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017783471","display_name":"Eduard Vladu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eduard Vladu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146469726","display_name":"Luminita Rostas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luminita Rostas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064954573","display_name":"Marius Gheorghe Neag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-6318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-6318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marius Neag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-6318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084686728","display_name":"Alessandro Battigelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5330-7819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5330-7819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Battigelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5330-7819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146491826","display_name":"Dominic Domnici","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Domnici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048888763","display_name":"Gabriel Oltean","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3493-4034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3493-4034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Oltean","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bases of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Street No. 28, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017783471","https://openalex.org/A5064954573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"21","first_page":"7095","last_page":"7095"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.4406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.4406999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.08720000088214874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.08579999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection","display_name":"intrusion detection","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/60-ghz-radar","display_name":"60 GHz radar","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereo-sound","display_name":"stereo audio","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-fusion","display_name":"feature-level fusion","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-preserving-sensing","display_name":"privacy-preserving sensing","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-deployment","display_name":"edge deployment","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-reduction","display_name":"false positive reduction","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limited-training-data","display_name":"limited training data","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.9660999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.661899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.49889999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.4722999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4375999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779669469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895508","display_name":"Battlefield","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79708","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","level":3,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.34380000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294350","display_name":"ALARM","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544833334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005","display_name":"JavaScript","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26217095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26217095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330161","display_name":"Universitatea Tehnic\u0103 din Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804814460","https://openalex.org/W4285264320","https://openalex.org/W4312747866","https://openalex.org/W4381618003","https://openalex.org/W4387105456","https://openalex.org/W4396699072","https://openalex.org/W4400042524","https://openalex.org/W4409485199","https://openalex.org/W4409606465","https://openalex.org/W7128989092","https://openalex.org/W7129718505"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899625395","https://openalex.org/W7203655640","https://openalex.org/W7214369123","https://openalex.org/W4233591345","https://openalex.org/W7171817200","https://openalex.org/W4416895031","https://openalex.org/W2804814460","https://openalex.org/W1526483501","https://openalex.org/W4289670387","https://openalex.org/W4387105456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Camera-free":[0],"indoor":[1,184],"security":[2],"requires":[3],"privacy-preserving":[4],"sensing":[5],"robust":[6],"to":[7,102,153],"disturbances":[8],"and":[9,41,48,58,90,127,135,164],"compatible":[10],"with":[11,83],"edge":[12],"deployment.":[13],"This":[14],"study":[15],"presents":[16],"a":[17,154],"limited-data":[18,182],"radar\u2013audio":[19,179],"framework":[20],"for":[21,85,88,92,181],"room-level":[22],"intrusion-related":[23],"alarm":[24,64],"detection.":[25,186],"Data":[26],"were":[27,52],"collected":[28],"using":[29,54],"two":[30],"colocated":[31],"Infineon":[32],"CY8CKIT-062S2-AI":[33],"boards":[34],"providing":[35],"60":[36],"GHz":[37],"radar":[38],"macro-detection":[39],"outputs":[40],"stereo":[42],"audio.":[43],"Radar-only,":[44],"audio-only,":[45,89],"feature-level":[46],"early-fusion,":[47],"score-level":[49,178],"late-fusion":[50,130],"branches":[51],"evaluated":[53],"session-disjoint":[55],"training,":[56],"validation,":[57],"test":[59,71],"subsets,":[60],"followed":[61],"by":[62],"stateful":[63,128,167],"processing.":[65],"On":[66],"the":[67,142],"independent":[68],"Room":[69],"1":[70],"subset,":[72],"validation-selected":[73],"maximum-score":[74,129],"late":[75],"fusion":[76,180],"achieved":[77],"an":[78,110],"F1-score":[79,111],"of":[80,112,159],"0.897,":[81],"compared":[82],"0.842":[84],"radar-only,":[86],"0.789":[87],"0.854":[91],"early":[93],"fusion.":[94],"Stateful":[95],"processing":[96,131],"reduced":[97],"false":[98],"positives":[99],"from":[100],"4.19":[101],"2.58":[103],"per":[104,138],"100":[105],"negative":[106],"windows":[107],"while":[108],"retaining":[109],"0.888.":[113],"Raspberry":[114],"Pi":[115],"5":[116],"replay":[117],"preserved":[118],"all":[119],"reference":[120],"decisions.":[121],"A":[122],"live":[123],"proof-of-concept":[124],"sustained":[125],"early-fusion":[126],"at":[132,161],"48.53":[133],"ms":[134,137],"46.50":[136],"window,":[139],"respectively,":[140],"below":[141],"0.8":[143],"s":[144],"update":[145],"interval.":[146],"Without":[147],"retraining":[148],"or":[149],"parameter":[150],"adaptation,":[151],"transfer":[152],"second":[155],"room":[156],"retained":[157],"F1-scores":[158],"0.864":[160],"window":[162],"level":[163],"0.859":[165],"after":[166],"processing,":[168],"although":[169],"false-positive":[170],"behavior":[171],"was":[172],"more":[173],"environment-sensitive.":[174],"These":[175],"results":[176],"support":[177],"edge-oriented":[183],"intrusion":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
