{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225653188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","title":"Diagnostic error patterns in case reports: a hierarchical cluster analysis","display_name":"Diagnostic error patterns in case reports: a hierarchical cluster analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225653188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1515/dx-2026-0103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173877","display_name":"Diagnosis","issn_l":"2194-8011","issn":["2194-8011","2194-802X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnosis","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030576989","display_name":"Toshinori Nishizawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-646X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-646X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4400009020","display_name":"Institute of Science Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/05dqf9946","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshinori Nishizawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health , Institute of Science Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health , Institute of Science Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4400009020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043660785","display_name":"Yukinori Harada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-7397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6042-7397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78274823","display_name":"Dokkyo Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05k27ay38","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78274823"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukinori Harada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University , Mibu, Shimotsugagun , Tochigi , Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University , Mibu, Shimotsugagun , Tochigi , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78274823"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012449169","display_name":"Taro Shimizu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-487X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-487X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78274823","display_name":"Dokkyo Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05k27ay38","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78274823"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taro Shimizu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University , Mibu, Shimotsugagun , Tochigi , Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-487X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Diagnostic and Generalist Medicine , Dokkyo Medical University , Mibu, Shimotsugagun , Tochigi , Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78274823"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2712},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10508","display_name":"Patient Safety and Medication Errors","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-errors","display_name":"diagnostic errors","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deer-taxonomy","display_name":"deer taxonomy","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-modes","display_name":"failure modes","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-ordering","display_name":"test ordering","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-prioritization","display_name":"diagnostic prioritization","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-interpretation","display_name":"test interpretation","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-safety","display_name":"diagnostic safety","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82157600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic test","level":2,"score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4864000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4862000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.48240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.44760000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777615720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11888847","display_name":"Prioritization","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120894424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322871","display_name":"Exploratory data analysis","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1515/dx-2026-0103","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2026-0103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173877","display_name":"Diagnosis","issn_l":"2194-8011","issn":["2194-8011","2194-802X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313990","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnosis","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43002468","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993144202","https://openalex.org/W2029907219","https://openalex.org/W2033403400","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2106446203","https://openalex.org/W2126629875","https://openalex.org/W2129835913","https://openalex.org/W2141222241","https://openalex.org/W2151370125","https://openalex.org/W2166750785","https://openalex.org/W2170111518","https://openalex.org/W2331047184","https://openalex.org/W2518421506","https://openalex.org/W2594496282","https://openalex.org/W2740064138","https://openalex.org/W2894063179","https://openalex.org/W2896154035","https://openalex.org/W2900338737","https://openalex.org/W2962052654","https://openalex.org/W2996388559","https://openalex.org/W3193531788","https://openalex.org/W3195991765","https://openalex.org/W3211454967","https://openalex.org/W4206517562","https://openalex.org/W4223468066","https://openalex.org/W4235169531","https://openalex.org/W4283731530","https://openalex.org/W4367668513","https://openalex.org/W4382011028","https://openalex.org/W4385716742","https://openalex.org/W4387241304","https://openalex.org/W4391023219","https://openalex.org/W4403813762","https://openalex.org/W4404518047","https://openalex.org/W4405412195","https://openalex.org/W4409283616","https://openalex.org/W4415157591","https://openalex.org/W7152680550","https://openalex.org/W7157857797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7157857797","https://openalex.org/W3195991765","https://openalex.org/W2067039765","https://openalex.org/W4385716742","https://openalex.org/W4385709214","https://openalex.org/W4206517562","https://openalex.org/W2129114356","https://openalex.org/W3119004876","https://openalex.org/W3189012766","https://openalex.org/W2884701316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Diagnostic":[1,71,120],"errors":[2,142],"arise":[3],"through":[4],"complex":[5],"interactions":[6],"between":[7],"diagnostic":[8,29,41,54,78,141,158,173,194,209,233],"process":[9,72,210],"failures,":[10],"contextual":[11,128],"factors,":[12],"and":[13,81,90,118,129,157,168,172,193],"cognitive":[14,130],"pitfalls.":[15],"However,":[16],"most":[17],"previous":[18],"studies":[19],"examined":[20],"these":[21],"factors":[22],"individually,":[23],"providing":[24],"limited":[25],"insights":[26],"into":[27,182],"how":[28],"breakdowns":[30],"co-occur":[31],"in":[32,161,212,221],"clinically":[33,184],"challenging":[34],"cases.":[35],"We":[36,57],"aimed":[37],"to":[38,96,111,125,231],"identify":[39,97],"recurrent":[40],"failure":[42,103,152,196],"modes":[43],"using":[44,76,87],"a":[45,59],"hierarchical":[46],"cluster":[47,113],"analysis":[48,61,146],"of":[49,53,62,67,100,137,140,151,207],"published":[50,64,213],"case":[51,69,214],"reports":[52],"errors.":[55],"METHODS:":[56],"performed":[58],"secondary":[60],"previously":[63],"systematic":[65],"reviews":[66],"diagnostic-error":[68],"reports.":[70,215],"failures":[73,211],"were":[74,123,143,165],"coded":[75],"the":[77,91,98,127],"error":[79],"evaluation":[80],"research":[82],"(DEER)":[83],"taxonomy.":[84],"Hierarchical":[85],"clustering":[86],"Ward's":[88],"method":[89],"Euclidean":[92],"distance":[93],"was":[94,109,179],"applied":[95],"patterns":[99,206,217],"co-occurring":[101,208],"DEER":[102],"points.":[104],"The":[105,176],"Cali\u0144ski-Harabasz":[106],"pseudo-F":[107],"index":[108],"used":[110,124,230],"evaluate":[112],"structures.":[114],"Reliable":[115],"Diagnosis":[116],"Challenges":[117],"Generic":[119],"Pitfalls":[121],"frameworks":[122],"characterize":[126],"contributors":[131],"within":[132],"clusters.":[133],"RESULTS:":[134],"A":[135],"total":[136],"563":[138],"cases":[139],"analyzed.":[144],"Cluster":[145],"revealed":[147],"two":[148],"main":[149],"categories":[150],"modes:":[153],"(1)":[154],"test":[155,190],"ordering":[156],"prioritization":[159],"failure,":[160,189,192],"which":[162],"mimicking":[163],"presentations":[164],"more":[166],"common,":[167],"(2)":[169],"testing":[170],"interpretation":[171,191],"synthesis":[174,195],"failure.":[175],"latter":[177],"category":[178],"further":[180],"divided":[181],"three":[183],"relevant":[185],"subtypes:":[186],"laboratory/radiological":[187],"reading":[188],"despite":[197],"preserved":[198],"information":[199],"acquisition.":[200],"CONCLUSIONS:":[201],"This":[202],"study":[203],"identified":[204],"exploratory":[205],"These":[216],"require":[218],"prospective":[219],"validation":[220],"independent":[222],"multicenter":[223],"clinical":[224],"datasets":[225],"before":[226],"they":[227],"can":[228],"be":[229],"guide":[232],"safety":[234],"interventions.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
