{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225652118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","title":"Direct Energy Inputs for Milk Production in Polish Dairy Farms","display_name":"Direct Energy Inputs for Milk Production in Polish Dairy Farms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225652118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002202446","display_name":"Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-9678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-9678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariusz Jerzy Stolarski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-9678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060125318","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Dudziec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-9369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-9369"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pawe\u0142 Dudziec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9106-9369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006951702","display_name":"Ewelina Olba\u2013Zi\u0119ty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-0719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-0719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ewelina Olba-Zi\u0119ty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-0719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088039564","display_name":"Jakub Stolarski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8186-2931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8186-2931","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-9678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakub Stolarski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8186-2931","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042115767","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Krzy\u017caniak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-5180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-5180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micha\u0142 Krzy\u017caniak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-5180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Breeding and Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081579598","display_name":"Kazimierz Warmi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-2319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-2319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47996466","display_name":"University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazimierz Warmi\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1674-2319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Bioeconomy and Renewable Energies, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002202446"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47996466"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"21","first_page":"5363","last_page":"5363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13691","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13691","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Agriculture Analysis","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12896","display_name":"Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dairy-farms","display_name":"dairy farms","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-intensity","display_name":"energy intensity","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-production","display_name":"milk production","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-consumption","display_name":"electricity consumption","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-fuel-consumption","display_name":"diesel fuel consumption","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-size","display_name":"farm size","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milk-yield-per-cow","display_name":"dairy cow milk yield","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland-area","display_name":"grassland area","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arable-land-area","display_name":"arable land area","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poland","display_name":"Poland","score":0.3840000033378601}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.7152000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020541086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637776","display_name":"Milk production","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.43050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97615858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341351","display_name":"Energy intensity","level":3,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020065929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11379","display_name":"Total energy","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205797222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1160362","display_name":"Mechanization","level":3,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778691696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14096331","display_name":"Dairy farming","level":3,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992972311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8495","display_name":"Cow milk","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776977481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915","display_name":"Dairy cattle","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en19215363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en19215363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.991100013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322733","display_name":"Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwvd537"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327753","display_name":"Uniwersytet Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurski w Olsztynie","ror":"https://ror.org/05s4feg49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412107319","https://openalex.org/W2948499776","https://openalex.org/W4309398714","https://openalex.org/W157817759","https://openalex.org/W128710488","https://openalex.org/W2113755931","https://openalex.org/W2974825550","https://openalex.org/W2791797342","https://openalex.org/W2243812710","https://openalex.org/W2887814540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increasing":[0],"milk":[1,33,53,95,239],"production":[2,34,49,96],"efficiency,":[3],"along":[4],"with":[5,259],"the":[6,28,36,131,161,189,244,282,322],"ongoing":[7],"consolidation":[8],"and":[9,45,51,55,85,117,142,149,174,181,316],"mechanization":[10],"of":[11,102,106,111,115,122,126,138,170,198,250,318,329,336],"farms,":[12,144,176,202,211,324],"is":[13],"making":[14],"efficient":[15],"energy":[16,30,120,192,225,268],"use":[17],"more":[18],"critical":[19],"than":[20,153,216,270,326],"ever.":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"this":[23,145,177,203],"study":[24,58],"aimed":[25],"to":[26],"determine":[27],"direct":[29,119,191,224,267],"inputs":[31],"for":[32,94,154,209,217,238,293],"at":[35,166,194],"farm":[37,75,228,251],"level":[38],"in":[39,48,52,65,223,243,340],"Poland,":[40,66],"based":[41,72],"on":[42,73],"diesel":[43,108,163],"fuel":[44,109,164],"electricity":[46,100,133],"consumption":[47,101,110,121,134],"processes":[50],"collection":[54],"storage.":[56],"The":[57,90,220],"used":[59],"data":[60],"from":[61],"75":[62],"dairy":[63,338],"farms":[64,78,82,87,129,158,187,261,272,339],"classified":[67],"into":[68],"three":[69],"farm-size":[70,283],"categories":[71,230],"total":[74,118,266],"area:":[76],"small":[77,141,173,201,260],"(<50":[79],"ha),":[80,84],"medium-sized":[81,155,186,218],"(50\u2013100":[83],"large":[86,143,175,210,271],"(\u2265100":[88],"ha).":[89],"average":[91],"energy-intensity":[92],"indicators":[93],"were":[97,231],"as":[98,313,327],"follows:":[99],"0.044":[103],"kWh":[104,113,124,136,168,196],"kg\u20131":[105,114,125,137,169,197],"milk,":[107,116],"0.272":[112],"0.317":[123],"milk.":[127,171,199],"Medium-sized":[128,157],"had":[130,188],"lowest":[132,162,190],"(0.041":[135],"milk).":[139],"For":[140,172,200],"indicator":[146,178,204],"was":[147,179,205,213,254,285],"7.3%":[148],"19.5%":[150],"higher,":[151,183,207],"respectively,":[152],"farms.":[156,219],"also":[159],"showed":[160,280],"consumption,":[165,193],"0.261":[167],"2.7%":[180],"11.5%":[182],"respectively.":[184],"Accordingly,":[185],"0.302":[195],"3.3%":[206],"whereas":[208],"it":[212],"12.6%":[214],"higher":[215],"unadjusted":[221],"differences":[222],"intensity":[226,269],"between":[227],"size":[229,252],"not":[232],"statistically":[233,288],"significant.":[234],"However,":[235],"after":[236,290],"accounting":[237,292],"yield":[240],"per":[241],"cow":[242],"ANCOVA":[245],"analysis,":[246],"a":[247,314,333],"significant":[248,289],"effect":[249,284],"category":[253],"observed":[255],"(p":[256,296,303],"=":[257,275,297,304],"0.0134),":[258],"showing":[262],"significantly":[263],"lower":[264],"adjusted":[265],"(Holm-adjusted":[273],"p":[274],"0.011).":[276],"Nevertheless,":[277],"sensitivity":[278],"analyses":[279],"that":[281],"no":[286],"longer":[287],"additionally":[291],"grassland":[294],"area":[295,302],"0.097)":[298],"or":[299,332],"arable":[300],"land":[301],"0.149).":[305],"These":[306],"results":[307],"should":[308],"therefore":[309],"be":[310],"interpreted":[311],"only":[312],"characterization":[315],"analysis":[317],"statistical":[319],"relationships":[320,331],"within":[321],"surveyed":[323],"rather":[325],"evidence":[328],"causal":[330],"representative":[334],"assessment":[335],"all":[337],"Poland.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
