{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225649941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","title":"Perceived Effects, Opportunities, and Challenges of Adapting Computer-Based Testing (CBT) in Nursing Education in Nigeria: A Mixed-Methods Study","display_name":"Perceived Effects, Opportunities, and Challenges of Adapting Computer-Based Testing (CBT) in Nursing Education in Nigeria: A Mixed-Methods Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225649941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918613","display_name":"Journal of international research in medical and pharmaceutical sciences","issn_l":"2395-4477","issn":["2395-4477","2395-4485"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161310028","display_name":"Rabi Sani Jikan Malam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143858","display_name":"Maryam Abacha American University of Niger","ror":"https://ror.org/0480gk412","country_code":"NE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143858"]}],"countries":["NE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabi Sani Jikan Malam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, Maradi, Niger and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gitwe, Nyanza, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, Maradi, Niger and Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gitwe, Nyanza, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143858"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077300811","display_name":"Darlington Nnamdi Onyejike","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-0245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6725-0245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darlington Nnamdi Onyejike","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gitwe, Nyanza, Rwanda and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gitwe, Nyanza, Rwanda and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161352160","display_name":"Teryila Robert Kever","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64351976","display_name":"University of Maiduguri","ror":"https://ror.org/016na8197","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teryila Robert Kever","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64351976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"3","first_page":"528","last_page":"546"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13117","display_name":"Health Education and Validation","score":0.015300000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2922","display_name":"Research and Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14025","display_name":"Educational Technology and Assessment","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-based-testing","display_name":"computer-based testing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-education","display_name":"nursing education","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-perceptions","display_name":"student perceptions","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-perceptions","display_name":"teacher perceptions","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-performance","display_name":"student performance","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"internet access","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-support","display_name":"technical support","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-readiness","display_name":"digital readiness","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ict-infrastructure","display_name":"ICT infrastructure","score":0.9259999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.5942999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113616995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13378080","display_name":"Nurse education","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.46399998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.37770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503872463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159595","display_name":"Distance education","level":2,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156393514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934800","display_name":"Multimethodology","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518773536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918533","display_name":"Nursing research","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70364389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18757","display_name":"Validity","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918613","display_name":"Journal of international research in medical and pharmaceutical sciences","issn_l":"2395-4477","issn":["2395-4477","2395-4485"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56557/jirmeps/2026/v21i311348","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918613","display_name":"Journal of international research in medical and pharmaceutical sciences","issn_l":"2395-4477","issn":["2395-4477","2395-4485"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.7246000170707703}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154912490","https://openalex.org/W4404818408","https://openalex.org/W7223445419","https://openalex.org/W7171814535","https://openalex.org/W6930873132","https://openalex.org/W2993298740","https://openalex.org/W7125367248","https://openalex.org/W7006510225","https://openalex.org/W3105887599","https://openalex.org/W4363676640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Nursing":[1],"education":[2],"in":[3,41],"Nigeria":[4],"is":[5],"increasingly":[6],"shifting":[7],"from":[8,58,119,144],"paper-based":[9,120],"examinations":[10,121],"to":[11,146,171],"Computer-Based":[12],"Testing":[13],"(CBT),":[14],"although":[15],"adoption":[16,89,203],"remains":[17],"inconsistent":[18],"across":[19,44],"institutions.":[20],"Objective:":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23],"examined":[24],"CBT":[25,88,215],"adoption,":[26],"its":[27],"perceived":[28,127,205,218],"effects":[29,129],"on":[30,130],"student":[31,131,207],"performance,":[32,132],"and":[33,39,62,84,117,140,158,163,173,211,226,236],"the":[34],"experiences":[35],"of":[36,138,152],"teaching":[37,60],"staff":[38,61,126],"students":[40],"nursing":[42],"institutions":[43],"Nigeria.":[45],"Methods:":[46],"A":[47],"mixed-methods":[48],"convergent":[49],"triangulation":[50],"design":[51],"was":[52,90,216],"used.":[53],"Quantitative":[54],"data":[55,67],"were":[56,68,76],"collected":[57],"320":[59],"1,005":[63],"students,":[64],"while":[65],"qualitative":[66],"obtained":[69],"through":[70],"12":[71],"key":[72],"informant":[73],"interviews.":[74],"Data":[75],"analysed":[77],"using":[78],"descriptive":[79],"statistics,":[80],"one-sample":[81],"t-tests,":[82],"ANOVA,":[83],"thematic":[85],"analysis.":[86],"Results:":[87],"moderate":[91],"but":[92,190,220],"statistically":[93],"significant":[94],"(mean":[95,109,114,122,154,160,165],"=":[96,99,110,115,123,155,161,166,179,188],"3.21;":[97],"t(319)":[98],"12.35,":[100],"p":[101],"<":[102],"0.001).":[103],"Major":[104],"challenges":[105,175],"included":[106],"internet":[107],"connectivity":[108],"2.85),":[111],"technical":[112,174,224,237],"support":[113,238],"2.65),":[116],"transition":[118],"2.59).":[124],"Teaching":[125],"positive":[128,150],"with":[133],"an":[134],"overall":[135],"mean":[136],"score":[137],"3.76":[139],"item":[141],"scores":[142],"ranging":[143],"3.47":[145],"3.85.":[147],"Students":[148],"reported":[149],"perceptions":[151],"convenience":[153],"3.92),":[156],"fairness":[157],"reliability":[159],"3.93),":[162],"confidence":[164],"3.90).":[167],"However,":[168],"stress":[169],"related":[170],"time":[172],"remained":[176],"evident":[177],"(means":[178],"2.47\u20132.57).":[180],"Perceptions":[181],"differed":[182],"significantly":[183],"by":[184,192],"age":[185],"group":[186],"(p":[187],"0.002),":[189],"not":[191],"gender":[193],"or":[194],"academic":[195],"level.":[196],"Qualitative":[197],"findings":[198],"identified":[199],"five":[200],"themes":[201],"covering":[202],"practices,":[204],"benefits,":[206],"engagement,":[208],"implementation":[209],"barriers,":[210],"mitigation":[212],"strategies.":[213],"Conclusion:":[214],"generally":[217],"favourably,":[219],"infrastructural":[221],"limitations,":[222],"inadequate":[223],"support,":[225],"digital":[227],"preparedness":[228],"remain":[229],"important":[230],"challenges.":[231],"Strengthening":[232],"ICT":[233],"infrastructure,":[234],"training,":[235],"may":[239],"improve":[240],"implementation.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
