{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225647872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","title":"Smart Policing as Institutional Transformation: Technology Adoption, Organisational Capacity, and Social Implications in Namibia","display_name":"Smart Policing as Institutional Transformation: Technology Adoption, Organisational Capacity, and Social Implications in Namibia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225647872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","pdf_url":"https://journal.penkreatif.com/index.php/pss/article/download/59/35","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063436","display_name":"Pen of Social Science","issn_l":"3124-1158","issn":["3124-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pen of Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journal.penkreatif.com/index.php/pss/article/download/59/35","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030376687","display_name":"Kennedy Kaumba Mabuku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-5604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-5604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101993903","display_name":"Namibia University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03gg1ey66","country_code":"NA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101993903"]}],"countries":["NA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kennedy Kaumba Mabuku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Criminal Justice, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4127-5604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Criminal Justice, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101993903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030376687"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101993903"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"2","first_page":"100","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.8666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.8666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.10719999670982361,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-policing","display_name":"smart policing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-change","display_name":"institutional change","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-adoption","display_name":"technology adoption","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-capacity","display_name":"organizational capacity","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surveillance","display_name":"surveillance","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-adaptation","display_name":"organizational adaptation","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-capacity","display_name":"institutional capacity","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/windhoek","display_name":"Windhoek","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/namibia","display_name":"Namibia","score":0.7670000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5777999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.49619999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.49149999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4636000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194943564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129049","display_name":"Participant observation","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.43810001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256171","display_name":"Community policing","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147887874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16252774","display_name":"Institutional theory","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62760934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551419","display_name":"Social transformation","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018591805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19483216","display_name":"Organisational change","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","pdf_url":"https://journal.penkreatif.com/index.php/pss/article/download/59/35","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063436","display_name":"Pen of Social Science","issn_l":"3124-1158","issn":["3124-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pen of Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","doi":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.67793/pss.v2i2.59","pdf_url":"https://journal.penkreatif.com/index.php/pss/article/download/59/35","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407063436","display_name":"Pen of Social Science","issn_l":"3124-1158","issn":["3124-1158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pen of Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6773999929428101,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225647872.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225647872.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1029364628","https://openalex.org/W2335816333","https://openalex.org/W2619402473","https://openalex.org/W2795243572","https://openalex.org/W2912800036","https://openalex.org/W2955156490","https://openalex.org/W2978346165","https://openalex.org/W3096623286","https://openalex.org/W3159027919","https://openalex.org/W3159480376","https://openalex.org/W3161206171","https://openalex.org/W4327518222","https://openalex.org/W4384341083","https://openalex.org/W4386729221","https://openalex.org/W7125945248","https://openalex.org/W7162654981","https://openalex.org/W7163562584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417415348","https://openalex.org/W7168357445","https://openalex.org/W2183314718","https://openalex.org/W7221234003","https://openalex.org/W7215111416","https://openalex.org/W7161850945","https://openalex.org/W7165276683","https://openalex.org/W7224921558","https://openalex.org/W7169034534","https://openalex.org/W7168870654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"policing":[1,30,194],"is":[2,31,108,183],"increasingly":[3],"associated":[4,184],"with":[5,43,185,210],"the":[6,13,123],"digital":[7,16,129],"transformation":[8,38,203,220],"of":[9,15,79,125,160,170,175],"law-enforcement":[10],"organisations,":[11],"yet":[12],"presence":[14],"technologies":[17],"does":[18],"not":[19,251],"by":[20],"itself":[21],"constitute":[22],"institutional":[23,47,202,219],"transformation.":[24],"This":[25],"study":[26,57,190,233],"examines":[27],"how":[28],"smart":[29,193],"experienced":[32],"as":[33,200],"an":[34,201,218],"organisational":[35,51,111,211,225,259],"and":[36,53,82,92,97,113,122,144,156,213,229,242,261],"social":[37,214,230],"process":[39,204],"in":[40,138,195,205],"Windhoek,":[41],"Namibia,":[42],"particular":[44],"attention":[45],"to":[46,127,248],"capacity,":[48],"technology":[49,72,106,182],"adoption,":[50,224],"adaptation,":[52],"community":[54,84],"experience.":[55,215,231],"The":[56,102,189,232],"employed":[58],"a":[59,93,238],"qualitative":[60],"design":[61],"involving":[62],"19":[63],"participants:":[64],"10":[65],"police":[66],"officials,":[67,81],"three":[68],"executive":[69],"leaders":[70],"from":[71,237],"providers,":[73],"two":[74,77,83],"policy":[75],"analysts,":[76],"City":[78],"Windhoek":[80],"members.":[85],"Data":[86],"were":[87],"collected":[88],"through":[89,253,258],"semi-structured":[90],"interviews":[91],"focus":[94],"group":[95],"discussion":[96],"analysed":[98],"using":[99],"thematic":[100],"analysis.":[101],"findings":[103],"show":[104],"that":[105,167,192],"adoption":[107],"uneven":[109],"across":[110],"units":[112],"depends":[114],"on":[115],"infrastructure,":[116],"maintenance,":[117],"staff":[118],"capability,":[119,226],"managerial":[120],"support,":[121],"ability":[124],"institutions":[126],"integrate":[128],"systems":[130],"into":[131],"existing":[132],"work":[133],"practices.":[134],"Participants":[135],"described":[136],"improvements":[137],"information":[139],"access,":[140],"case":[141],"management,":[142],"coordination,":[143],"responsiveness,":[145],"but":[146,256],"also":[147,257],"identified":[148],"fragmented":[149],"implementation,":[150],"insufficient":[151],"training,":[152],"uncertainty":[153],"concerning":[154],"responsibility,":[155],"limited":[157],"public":[158],"understanding":[159],"technology-mediated":[161],"policing.":[162],"Community":[163],"accounts":[164],"further":[165],"indicate":[166],"increased":[168],"visibility":[169],"surveillance":[171],"can":[172],"produce":[173],"feelings":[174],"insecurity":[176],"or":[177],"being":[178],"watched":[179],"even":[180],"where":[181],"greater":[186],"physical":[187],"security.":[188],"argues":[191],"Namibia":[196],"should":[197],"be":[198,249],"understood":[199],"which":[206],"technological":[207,223,254],"investment":[208],"interacts":[209],"capacity":[212],"It":[216],"proposes":[217],"framework":[221],"linking":[222],"governance":[227],"arrangements,":[228],"contributes":[234],"empirical":[235],"evidence":[236],"Southern":[239],"African":[240],"context":[241],"highlights":[243],"why":[244],"smart-policing":[245],"initiatives":[246],"need":[247],"evaluated":[250],"only":[252],"deployment":[255],"integration":[260],"their":[262],"consequences":[263],"for":[264],"police\u2013community":[265],"relations.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
