{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225647779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","title":"A hybrid negative sampling strategy for landslide susceptibility assessment in mining area","display_name":"A hybrid negative sampling strategy for landslide susceptibility assessment in mining area","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225647779","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157654","display_name":"Discover Geoscience","issn_l":"2948-1589","issn":["2948-1589"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Geoscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161344749","display_name":"Hang Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90149893","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041535321","display_name":"Zhumei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-7180","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-7180"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90149893","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhumei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161333186","display_name":"Shengle Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90149893","display_name":"China Earthquake Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/045sza929","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengle Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Geodesy, Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Wuhan, 430071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041535321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90149893"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12729","display_name":"Tree Root and Stability Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landslide-susceptibility-assessment","display_name":"landslide susceptibility assessment","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-sampling","display_name":"negative sampling","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-unlabeled-learning","display_name":"positive-unlabeled learning","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-ratio","display_name":"frequency ratio","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instance-weighting","display_name":"instance weighting","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mining-areas","display_name":"mining areas","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loess","display_name":"loess","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-vegetation-cover","display_name":"fractional vegetation cover","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nighttime-lights","display_name":"nighttime lights","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithology","display_name":"lithology","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap-analysis","display_name":"SHAP analysis","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9330000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.46369999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186295008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167903","display_name":"Landslide","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49261128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455","display_name":"Hazard","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.39169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75917345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725298","display_name":"Sampling bias","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157654","display_name":"Discover Geoscience","issn_l":"2948-1589","issn":["2948-1589"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Geoscience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s44288-026-00821-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4389157654","display_name":"Discover Geoscience","issn_l":"2948-1589","issn":["2948-1589"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discover Geoscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7605999708175659,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225647779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225647779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191575298","https://openalex.org/W195161756","https://openalex.org/W1994214164","https://openalex.org/W2074872086","https://openalex.org/W2090091295","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2754256204","https://openalex.org/W2789369267","https://openalex.org/W2793831793","https://openalex.org/W2899867782","https://openalex.org/W2949676527","https://openalex.org/W2968275074","https://openalex.org/W2970709330","https://openalex.org/W2979295546","https://openalex.org/W2999015335","https://openalex.org/W3014673353","https://openalex.org/W3015779580","https://openalex.org/W3111588349","https://openalex.org/W3129308059","https://openalex.org/W3153291238","https://openalex.org/W3160700879","https://openalex.org/W3163724346","https://openalex.org/W3169157623","https://openalex.org/W3179830881","https://openalex.org/W3188636271","https://openalex.org/W4220817130","https://openalex.org/W4285679287","https://openalex.org/W4289525408","https://openalex.org/W4294237574","https://openalex.org/W4318683761","https://openalex.org/W4366769875","https://openalex.org/W4377143209","https://openalex.org/W4377983245","https://openalex.org/W4380853827","https://openalex.org/W4384822047","https://openalex.org/W4390790336","https://openalex.org/W4391309731","https://openalex.org/W4393180748","https://openalex.org/W4394846565","https://openalex.org/W4396954545","https://openalex.org/W4402040707","https://openalex.org/W4403463622","https://openalex.org/W4404868341","https://openalex.org/W4409181886","https://openalex.org/W4410974684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204459137","https://openalex.org/W4409921804","https://openalex.org/W7138926741","https://openalex.org/W7117732794","https://openalex.org/W7203609692","https://openalex.org/W7214077130","https://openalex.org/W7128590555","https://openalex.org/W4414474855","https://openalex.org/W4220817130","https://openalex.org/W4415281666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"delineation":[1],"of":[2,48,71,132],"non-landslide":[3],"samples":[4],"remains":[5],"a":[6,22,95,114,227],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,99],"data-driven":[9],"landslide":[10,15],"susceptibility":[11,33,56],"assessment,":[12],"particularly":[13],"where":[14],"inventories":[16],"are":[17],"incomplete.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20],"proposes":[21],"hybrid":[23],"negative":[24,67],"sampling":[25,127],"(HNS)":[26],"strategy":[27],"that":[28,178],"integrates":[29],"frequency":[30,54],"ratio":[31],"(FR)-based":[32],"pre-screening":[34],"with":[35,78,121,234,243],"SPY-based":[36],"positive\u2013unlabeled":[37],"(PU)":[38],"learning":[39],"and":[40,123,129,134,153,169,174,188,210,246],"differentiated":[41,179],"instance":[42],"weighting.":[43],"Specifically,":[44],"an":[45],"initial":[46],"pool":[47],"fuzzy":[49],"negatives":[50,77,233],"was":[51,111],"derived":[52],"from":[53],"ratio-based":[55],"indices,":[57],"followed":[58],"by":[59],"the":[60,109,138,183,213],"SPY":[61],"algorithm":[62],"to":[63,83,85,92,216,230],"identify":[64],"relatively":[65],"high-confidence":[66],"candidates.":[68],"The":[69],"integration":[70],"these":[72],"two":[73],"sources":[74],"allows":[75],"candidate":[76,232],"different":[79,235],"screening":[80,236],"confidence":[81,237],"levels":[82],"contribute":[84],"model":[86,217],"training":[87],"through":[88],"distinct":[89],"weights.":[90],"Applied":[91],"Jiaokou":[93],"County,":[94],"loess":[96],"mining":[97],"area":[98],"China":[100],"(157":[101],"inventory-positive":[102],"geological":[103],"hazard":[104],"records,":[105],"1,914":[106],"slope":[107],"units),":[108],"methodology":[110],"evaluated":[112],"using":[113],"common":[115],"five-fold":[116],"spatial":[117],"holdout":[118],"validation":[119],"protocol":[120],"XGBoost":[122,152],"SVM,":[124],"four":[125,144],"baseline":[126,165],"strategies,":[128],"positive-to-negative":[130],"ratios":[131],"1:1":[133],"1:2.":[135],"HNS":[136,225],"achieved":[137],"highest":[139],"mean":[140],"ROC-AUC":[141],"across":[142],"all":[143],"classifier\u2013ratio":[145],"configurations,":[146],"including":[147],"0.812":[148],"\u00b1":[149,155],"0.041":[150],"for":[151,157],"0.797":[154],"0.055":[156],"SVM":[158],"at":[159],"1:2,":[160],"although":[161],"its":[162],"improvements":[163],"over":[164],"strategies":[166],"were":[167],"modest":[168],"not":[170],"statistically":[171],"significant.":[172],"Sensitivity":[173],"ablation":[175],"analyses":[176],"indicated":[177],"weighting":[180],"primarily":[181],"influenced":[182],"trade-offs":[184],"among":[185],"Recall,":[186],"Precision,":[187],"Specificity,":[189],"without":[190],"consistently":[191],"improving":[192],"overall":[193],"discrimination":[194],"or":[195],"area-based":[196],"capture":[197],"performance.":[198],"Furthermore,":[199],"SHAP":[200],"analysis":[201],"identified":[202],"fractional":[203],"vegetation":[204],"cover":[205],"(FVC),":[206],"nighttime":[207],"lights":[208],"(NTL),":[209],"lithology":[211],"as":[212],"leading":[214],"contributors":[215],"predictions":[218],"rather":[219],"than":[220],"direct":[221],"causal":[222],"factors.":[223],"Overall,":[224],"provides":[226],"structured":[228],"approach":[229],"incorporating":[231],"levels,":[238],"offering":[239],"competitive":[240],"predictive":[241],"performance":[242],"application-dependent":[244],"benefits":[245],"trade-offs.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}