{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225646248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","title":"From Early Biological Signals to Prevention: Inferential Non-Equivalence in Regulatory Toxicology","display_name":"From Early Biological Signals to Prevention: Inferential Non-Equivalence in Regulatory Toxicology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225646248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/toxics14110990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738661068","display_name":"Toxics","issn_l":"2305-6304","issn":["2305-6304"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045101383","display_name":"Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-609X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-609X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-609X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045101383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"990","last_page":"990"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.444599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.444599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13165","display_name":"Agricultural safety and regulations","score":0.1387999951839447,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.1281999945640564,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-toxicology","display_name":"regulatory toxicology","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-qualification","display_name":"biomarker qualification","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-outcome-pathways","display_name":"adverse outcome pathways","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-risk-assessment","display_name":"chemical risk assessment","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-radiation-exposure","display_name":"internal radiation exposure","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-inference","display_name":"population inference","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-interpretation","display_name":"regulatory interpretation","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-dynamics","display_name":"biomarker dynamics","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7211999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910206359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18559532","display_name":"Adverse Outcome Pathway","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4593000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.38510000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.38199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309705","display_name":"Regulatory science","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C917703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239668","display_name":"Predictive inference","level":5,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017966228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067887","display_name":"European population","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9927688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915012","display_name":"Biological pathway","level":4,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/toxics14110990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738661068","display_name":"Toxics","issn_l":"2305-6304","issn":["2305-6304"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/toxics14110990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14110990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738661068","display_name":"Toxics","issn_l":"2305-6304","issn":["2305-6304"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toxics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324403","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2524322473","https://openalex.org/W4318618318","https://openalex.org/W4237575952","https://openalex.org/W2943062665","https://openalex.org/W2128460548","https://openalex.org/W2468294892","https://openalex.org/W2022611581","https://openalex.org/W2015877651","https://openalex.org/W3201972314","https://openalex.org/W2138949659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regulatory":[0],"toxicology":[1],"is":[2,97,109,188,213,226],"increasingly":[3],"asked":[4],"to":[5,95,140,216],"draw":[6],"on":[7,123,130],"early":[8,85,117],"signals":[9],"(external":[10],"exposures,":[11],"internal":[12,50],"chemicals,":[13],"and":[14,26,65,89,113,160,171,178,197],"molecular":[15],"responses":[16],"detectable":[17],"before":[18],"overt":[19],"disease)":[20],"for":[21],"biomarker":[22,190],"qualification,":[23,191],"mechanistic":[24],"evidence,":[25,196],"the":[27,34,111,132,135,141,148,172,186,205,217],"steps":[28],"of":[29,78,116,175,219],"chemical":[30,47,220],"risk":[31,221],"assessment.":[32],"Yet":[33],"evidence":[35,86,119,133,199],"generated":[36],"by":[37],"these":[38],"approaches":[39],"supports":[40],"different,":[41],"non-interchangeable":[42],"scientific":[43,153],"claims:":[44],"a":[45,55,66,75],"measurable":[46],"can":[48,58,69,87,92],"indicate":[49,59],"exposure":[51],"without":[52,62,73],"indicating":[53,63],"toxicity;":[54],"biological":[56,60,118,173],"response":[57],"activity":[61],"adversity;":[64],"predictive":[67,127],"signature":[68],"forecast":[70],"an":[71],"outcome":[72,193],"identifying":[74],"modifiable":[76],"cause":[77],"it.":[79],"This":[80,145],"inferential":[81,168],"gap,":[82],"between":[83],"what":[84,90],"detect":[88],"it":[91,225],"be":[93,202],"taken":[94],"establish,":[96],"not":[98,121],"always":[99],"made":[100],"explicit":[101],"in":[102,223],"regulatory":[103,114,184],"interpretation.":[104,182],"The":[105],"hypothesis":[106,149],"examined":[107],"here":[108],"that":[110,180,189],"preventive":[112],"value":[115],"depends":[120],"simply":[122],"signal":[124],"strength":[125],"or":[126],"performance,":[128],"but":[129],"whether":[131],"resolves":[134],"specific":[136,206],"competing":[137],"explanations":[138],"relevant":[139],"inference":[142,207,212],"being":[143],"made.":[144],"article":[146],"examines":[147],"using":[150],"six":[151],"recurring":[152],"questions":[154],"(exposure,":[155],"biological-state,":[156],"predictive,":[157],"causal,":[158],"intervention,":[159],"population":[161],"inference),":[162],"landmark":[163],"human":[164],"cases":[165],"treated":[166],"as":[167],"stress":[169],"tests,":[170],"dynamics":[174],"timing,":[176],"persistence,":[177],"reversibility":[179],"constrain":[181],"For":[183],"toxicology,":[185],"implication":[187],"adverse":[192],"pathway":[194],"(AOP)":[195],"risk-assessment":[198],"integration":[200],"should":[201],"judged":[203],"against":[204],"each":[208],"decision":[209],"requires.":[210],"Each":[211],"also":[214],"mapped":[215],"step":[218],"assessment":[222],"which":[224],"needed.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
