{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225645679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","title":"Optogenetics and Light-Gated Ion Channels: Transforming the Study of Neural Circuits and Neurodegenerative Disorders","display_name":"Optogenetics and Light-Gated Ion Channels: Transforming the Study of Neural Circuits and Neurodegenerative Disorders","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225645679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764765922","display_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","issn_l":"2321-7235","issn":["2321-7235"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161316312","display_name":"Shruti N. Somwanshi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shruti N. Somwanshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIOP Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIOP Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161315320","display_name":"Omprasad S. Hake","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omprasad S. Hake","raw_affiliation_strings":["GIOP Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GIOP Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116462144","display_name":"Pravin F. Gawali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1414-1609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1414-1609"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravin F. Gawali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1414-1609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156313764","display_name":"Dhiraj D Phutke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhiraj D. Phutke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5156252101","display_name":"Rohan K Salunke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohan K. Salunke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116641380","display_name":"Kabra Vinay S","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8212-3750","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8212-3750"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinay S. Kabra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology, GIOP, Latur, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"34","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12236","display_name":"Photoreceptor and optogenetics research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optogenetics","display_name":"optogenetics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-gated-ion-channels","display_name":"light-gated ion channels","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opsin","display_name":"opsin","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-circuits","display_name":"neural circuits","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-diseases","display_name":"neurodegenerative diseases","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinson-s-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huntington-s-disease","display_name":"Huntington's disease","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis","display_name":"amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-sclerosis","display_name":"multiple sclerosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-ganglia","display_name":"basal ganglia","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-oscillations","display_name":"gamma oscillations","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-delivery","display_name":"gene delivery","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-translation","display_name":"clinical translation","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromodulation","display_name":"neuromodulation","score":0.9399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50738837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781492","display_name":"Optogenetics","level":2,"score":0.9146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.8522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.6434999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905905","display_name":"Neuromodulation","level":3,"score":0.6297000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780596555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206901","display_name":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","level":3,"score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112592302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207387","display_name":"Excitatory postsynaptic potential","level":3,"score":0.42419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778542668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618076","display_name":"Deep brain stimulation","level":4,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910715078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162657","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Agents","level":4,"score":0.3174000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25498285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981368","display_name":"Neuroprotection","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17077164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185869","display_name":"Inhibitory postsynaptic potential","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16568411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83042","display_name":"Neurology","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2412849","display_name":"Narrative review","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984127161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q969316","display_name":"Neural activity","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018998897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Neuronal circuits","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50254741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62536","display_name":"Ion channel","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986762682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964754","display_name":"Basic research","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74254510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240508","display_name":"Premovement neuronal activity","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764765922","display_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","issn_l":"2321-7235","issn":["2321-7235"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.9734/indj/2026/v23i6595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764765922","display_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","issn_l":"2321-7235","issn":["2321-7235"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320855","host_organization_name":"Sciencedomain International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320855"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Sciencedomain International"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7224605735","https://openalex.org/W2242082693","https://openalex.org/W2897891788","https://openalex.org/W2948365112","https://openalex.org/W7221750969","https://openalex.org/W7206206632","https://openalex.org/W4416807347","https://openalex.org/W4394568803","https://openalex.org/W7221769328","https://openalex.org/W4236884092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Optogenetics":[1,217],"combines":[2],"genetic":[3],"targeting":[4],"with":[5,12],"light-sensitive":[6],"proteins":[7],"to":[8,29,49,57,68,110,146,203],"manipulate":[9],"cellular":[10,167],"activity":[11,117],"high":[13],"temporal":[14],"precision.":[15],"It":[16],"has":[17,129],"become":[18],"an":[19,234],"important":[20],"method":[21],"for":[22,156,213,237],"investigating":[23],"neural":[24],"circuits":[25,132],"and":[26,44,55,73,84,105,116,122,133,153,162,168,196,226,251],"mechanisms":[27],"relevant":[28],"neurodegenerative":[30,82,239],"disorders.":[31,215],"Objective:":[32],"This":[33,87],"narrative":[34],"review":[35],"examines":[36],"the":[37,64],"molecular":[38],"basis":[39],"of":[40,63,143,229],"light-gated":[41],"ion":[42],"channels":[43],"related":[45],"opsins,":[46,79],"their":[47],"contribution":[48],"causal":[50],"circuit":[51,201],"analysis,":[52],"disease-oriented":[53],"applications,":[54],"barriers":[56],"clinical":[58,178],"translation.":[59],"Methods:":[60],"Topic-focused":[61],"searches":[62],"literature":[65],"were":[66],"used":[67],"identify":[69],"foundational":[70],"experimental":[71],"studies":[72,139],"selected":[74],"peer-reviewed":[75],"reviews":[76],"on":[77,244],"microbial":[78],"neural-circuit":[80],"research,":[81],"disorders":[83],"translational":[85],"considerations.":[86],"was":[88,101],"not":[89,176],"a":[90,222,227],"systematic":[91],"review;":[92],"no":[93],"exhaustive":[94],"screening,":[95],"formal":[96],"risk-of-bias":[97],"assessment":[98,250],"or":[99,207],"meta-analysis":[100],"undertaken.":[102],"Discussion:":[103],"Excitatory":[104],"inhibitory":[106],"opsins":[107],"enable":[108],"researchers":[109],"test":[111],"how":[112],"defined":[113],"neuronal":[114],"populations":[115],"patterns":[118],"influence":[119],"memory,":[120],"movement":[121],"pathological":[123],"network":[124],"dynamics.":[125],"Alzheimer\u2019s":[126],"disease":[127,138],"research":[128,224],"examined":[130],"memory-associated":[131],"gamma-frequency":[134],"activity,":[135],"while":[136],"Parkinson\u2019s":[137],"have":[140],"clarified":[141],"contributions":[142],"basal-ganglia":[144],"pathways":[145],"motor":[147],"behaviours.":[148],"Evidence":[149],"is":[150,218],"less":[151],"extensive":[152],"more":[154,211],"heterogeneous":[155],"Huntington\u2019s":[157],"disease,":[158],"amyotrophic":[159],"lateral":[160],"sclerosis":[161],"multiple":[163],"sclerosis.":[164],"Findings":[165],"from":[166],"animal":[169],"models":[170],"support":[171],"mechanistic":[172],"investigation":[173],"but":[174],"do":[175],"establish":[177],"efficacy.":[179],"Direct":[180],"therapeutic":[181,230],"translation":[182],"faces":[183],"challenges":[184],"involving":[185],"gene":[186],"delivery,":[187],"cell":[188],"specificity,":[189],"optical":[190],"access,":[191],"device":[192],"compatibility,":[193],"immune":[194],"responses":[195],"long-term":[197],"safety.":[198],"Indirect":[199],"translation\u2014using":[200],"knowledge":[202],"inform":[204],"established":[205,235],"neuromodulation":[206],"other":[208],"interventions\u2014may":[209],"be":[210],"feasible":[212],"some":[214],"Conclusion:":[216],"best":[219],"regarded":[220],"as":[221],"powerful":[223],"platform":[225],"source":[228],"hypotheses,":[231],"rather":[232],"than":[233],"treatment":[236],"most":[238],"diseases.":[240],"Progress":[241],"will":[242],"depend":[243],"reproducible":[245],"disease-relevant":[246],"outcomes,":[247],"rigorous":[248],"safety":[249],"clinically":[252],"meaningful":[253],"evaluation.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}