{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225645451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","title":"Forest Fire-Damaged Area Boundary Delineation Using a Hierarchical Ensemble U-Net with Sentinel-2 Imagery","display_name":"Forest Fire-Damaged Area Boundary Delineation Using a Hierarchical Ensemble U-Net with Sentinel-2 Imagery","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225645451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070677592","display_name":"Jung Geonhwi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-1116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-1116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geonhwi Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-1116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101297908","display_name":"Seunghyun Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4191-2137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4191-2137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seunghyun Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4191-2137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061356148","display_name":"Mooyoung Lim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mooyoung Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159199616","display_name":"Nahyun Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nahyun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125546670","display_name":"Bomok Choi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bomok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forestry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110790362","display_name":"Choongshik Woo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152869","display_name":"National Institute of Forestry Science","ror":"https://ror.org/01hyb4h74","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152869"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choongshik Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landslide Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landslide Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081878301","display_name":"Yongku Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3917-6279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3917-6279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongku Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3917-6279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136966249","display_name":"Bomi Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800865141","display_name":"Korea Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05bjbww34","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800865141"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bomi Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Forest Ecosystem Restoration Division, Korea Forest Service, Daejeon 35208, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Forest Ecosystem Restoration Division, Korea Forest Service, Daejeon 35208, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800865141"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136908968","display_name":"Joowon Park","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joowon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Forest Science and Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Forest Science and Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136908968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"11","first_page":"499","last_page":"499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.4417000114917755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.4417000114917755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.34279999136924744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.16169999539852142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-fire-damage","display_name":"forest fire damage","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burned-area-mapping","display_name":"burned area mapping","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-delineation","display_name":"boundary delineation","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentinel-2-imagery","display_name":"Sentinel-2 imagery","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-band-selection","display_name":"band selection","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-fire-restoration","display_name":"post-fire restoration","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6567999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.4535999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123157820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80026","display_name":"Erosion","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986088632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4259364","display_name":"Forest cover","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776285232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048194","display_name":"Tropical forest","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983469836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421","display_name":"Forest structure","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire9110499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9110499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"},{"score":0.821399986743927,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334881","display_name":"Korea Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05bjbww34"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516075103","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1966145846","https://openalex.org/W2055577910","https://openalex.org/W2077890001","https://openalex.org/W2080441468","https://openalex.org/W2097945186","https://openalex.org/W2116901696","https://openalex.org/W2144059664","https://openalex.org/W2154710695","https://openalex.org/W2162344718","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2887685367","https://openalex.org/W2888370561","https://openalex.org/W2898574537","https://openalex.org/W2905880828","https://openalex.org/W2911304659","https://openalex.org/W2920767026","https://openalex.org/W2922428068","https://openalex.org/W2958038879","https://openalex.org/W2988256640","https://openalex.org/W3007286176","https://openalex.org/W3008626511","https://openalex.org/W3034650620","https://openalex.org/W3045606376","https://openalex.org/W3087007564","https://openalex.org/W3088130342","https://openalex.org/W3178478114","https://openalex.org/W4200611818","https://openalex.org/W4281393096","https://openalex.org/W4303578948","https://openalex.org/W4315631463","https://openalex.org/W4319318087","https://openalex.org/W4319795336","https://openalex.org/W4362671587","https://openalex.org/W4382624116","https://openalex.org/W4388569142","https://openalex.org/W4389975760","https://openalex.org/W4392377359","https://openalex.org/W4399019259","https://openalex.org/W4408057592","https://openalex.org/W4408215048","https://openalex.org/W4408715269","https://openalex.org/W4411670635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4321996356","https://openalex.org/W4392377359","https://openalex.org/W4405496404","https://openalex.org/W4402517943","https://openalex.org/W2979845665","https://openalex.org/W4303578948","https://openalex.org/W7133293848","https://openalex.org/W4411962975","https://openalex.org/W4404792777","https://openalex.org/W7166589910"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Climate":[0],"change":[1],"has":[2,29],"prolonged":[3],"droughts":[4],"and":[5,13,45,73,76,84,109,144,155,158,161,164,171,173,178,198,228,238,268,285],"intensified":[6],"heatwaves":[7],"worldwide,":[8],"increasing":[9,23,66,78],"the":[10,56,62,67,79,97,101,137,150,159,205,213,216,232,242,250,255,260,280,292],"frequency,":[11],"intensity,":[12],"spatial":[14],"extent":[15],"of":[16,25,69,207,282],"forest":[17,27,36,127],"fires.":[18],"In":[19],"South":[20,53,298],"Korea,":[21,54],"an":[22],"incidence":[24],"large":[26],"fires":[28],"created":[30],"a":[31,121,190,194,199],"need":[32,80,102],"for":[33,81,126],"rapid,":[34],"accurate":[35],"fire-damaged":[37,128],"area":[38,129],"boundary":[39,113,130,289],"delineation":[40,93,131,290],"to":[41,103],"support":[42,286],"post-fire":[43,70],"recovery":[44],"restoration":[46,85],"planning.":[47],"This":[48,271],"is":[49,59],"particularly":[50],"important":[51],"in":[52,297],"where":[55],"forest-fire":[57],"season":[58],"followed":[60],"by":[61],"summer":[63],"rainy":[64],"season,":[65],"risk":[68],"soil":[71],"erosion":[72],"slope":[74],"instability":[75],"thereby":[77],"rapid":[82],"stabilization":[83],"measures.":[86],"However,":[87],"previous":[88],"studies":[89],"have":[90],"reported":[91],"varying":[92],"performance":[94],"depending":[95],"on":[96],"input":[98,138],"configuration,":[99],"suggesting":[100],"examine":[104],"how":[105],"different":[106],"spectral":[107,276],"inputs":[108],"their":[110],"integration":[111],"affect":[112],"delineation.":[114],"To":[115,135],"address":[116],"this":[117],"limitation,":[118],"we":[119],"propose":[120],"hierarchical":[122,200,251],"ensemble":[123,201,252],"U-Net":[124,185],"framework":[125],"using":[132,149],"Sentinel-2":[133],"imagery.":[134],"design":[136],"data":[139],"structure,":[140],"differences":[141],"between":[142],"burned":[143],"unburned":[145],"areas":[146],"were":[147,180,187],"examined":[148],"Blue,":[151],"Green,":[152],"Red,":[153],"RedEdge,":[154],"NIR":[156],"bands":[157],"NDVI":[160],"dNDVI":[162,192,218],"indices,":[163],"four":[165],"three-channel":[166,195,233],"combinations":[167],"(Blue\u2013Green\u2013Red,":[168],"Blue\u2013Green\u2013RedEdge,":[169],"Green\u2013Red\u2013NIR,":[170],"Green\u2013RedEdge\u2013NIR)":[172],"two":[174],"single":[175],"indices":[176],"(NDVI":[177],"dNDVI)":[179],"chosen":[181],"as":[182],"inputs.":[183],"Three":[184],"models":[186,284],"then":[188],"evaluated:":[189],"single-channel":[191,217],"model,":[193,197,202],"NIR-RE-G":[196,234,243],"which":[203],"integrated":[204],"outputs":[206],"six":[208,293],"independently":[209],"trained":[210],"U-Nets.":[211],"Among":[212],"three":[214],"models,":[215],"model":[219,235,244,253],"showed":[220],"higher":[221,246],"overall":[222,257,262],"accuracy":[223,226,248,263,266],"(84.1%),":[224],"producer\u2019s":[225,265],"(89.0%),":[227],"F1-score":[229,269],"(0.80)":[230],"than":[231],"(82.9%,":[236],"70.7%,":[237],"0.77,":[239],"respectively),":[240],"whereas":[241],"achieved":[245],"user":[247],"(91.8%);":[249],"yielded":[254],"best":[256],"performance,":[258],"with":[259],"highest":[261],"(85.7%),":[264],"(92.2%),":[267],"(0.83).":[270],"suggests":[272],"that":[273],"integrating":[274],"complementary":[275],"responses":[277],"can":[278],"mitigate":[279],"limitations":[281],"single-input":[283],"more":[287],"robust":[288],"across":[291],"tested":[294],"wildfire":[295],"cases":[296],"Korea.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
