{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225645239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","title":"Early Martian Habitability and Directional Lithopanspermia Across the Solar System","display_name":"Early Martian Habitability and Directional Lithopanspermia Across the Solar System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225645239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11614107/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11614107/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061400401","display_name":"RICHARD L. ARCHER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8270-0876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8270-0876"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard Archer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Atlas AstroBioTek Research and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Atlas AstroBioTek Research and Technology","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061400401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12788","display_name":"Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life","score":0.031300000846385956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21435255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5636875","display_name":"Habitability","level":3,"score":0.832099974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.8179000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.8177000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539450922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544","display_name":"Solar System","level":2,"score":0.6236000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778600265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913850","display_name":"Martian","level":3,"score":0.6233000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.595300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162053735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846030","display_name":"Planetary habitability","level":4,"score":0.5175999999046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68702407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716774","display_name":"Exploration of Mars","level":3,"score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194462397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834235","display_name":"Interplanetary spaceflight","level":4,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41642174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106551","display_name":"Regolith","level":2,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143","display_name":"Biological dispersal","level":3,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326645","display_name":"Early Earth","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80368990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3046459","display_name":"Earth system science","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45095769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218860","display_name":"Atmosphere of Mars","level":4,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989277613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283","display_name":"Liquid water","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78949437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773188","display_name":"Mars landing","level":4,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154010619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128207","display_name":"Terrestrial planet","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11614107/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11614107/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11614107/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225645239.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225645239.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951257050","https://openalex.org/W3200491814","https://openalex.org/W3206478830","https://openalex.org/W4210509349","https://openalex.org/W4385613033","https://openalex.org/W4385716738","https://openalex.org/W4401451184","https://openalex.org/W4402926626","https://openalex.org/W4404905065","https://openalex.org/W4406843986","https://openalex.org/W4411948290","https://openalex.org/W7214013983"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Whether":[1],"life":[2],"arose":[3],"independently":[4],"on":[5,51,114],"habitable":[6,48],"worlds":[7],"or":[8],"dispersed":[9],"through":[10],"interplanetary":[11],"exchange":[12,158,180],"remains":[13,165],"unresolved.":[14],"Here":[15],"we":[16],"investigate":[17],"early":[18],"Mars":[19,53,168],"as":[20],"a":[21,103,171],"potential":[22,178],"biological":[23,39,144,163,179],"nursery":[24],"by":[25],"integrating":[26],"comparative":[27],"planetary":[28],"thermal":[29],"evolution,":[30],"subsurface":[31],"aqueous":[32],"habitability,":[33],"impact-driven":[34],"ejecta":[35],"transport":[36],"and":[37,54,67,85],"probabilistic":[38],"survival.":[40],"Models":[41],"spanning":[42],"4.4":[43,57],"billion":[44],"years":[45],"indicate":[46],"potentially":[47],"pore-water":[49],"environments":[50],"both":[52],"Earth":[55],"at":[56,71],"Ga,":[58],"with":[59],"mean":[60,104],"eligible":[61],"water":[62],"temperatures":[63],"of":[64,94,107,177],"35.84":[65],"\u00b0C":[66],"42.34":[68],"\u00b0C,":[69],"respectively,":[70],"4.2":[72],"Ga.":[73],"Simulated":[74],"10-Myr":[75],"material-transfer":[76],"fractions":[77],"are":[78],"2.588%":[79],"for":[80,83,87],"Mars\u2192Earth,":[81],"1.523%":[82],"Mars\u2192Venus":[84],"0.182%":[86],"Earth\u2192Mars,":[88],"yielding":[89],"an":[90],"inward-to-reverse":[91],"transfer":[92],"ratio":[93],"14.23":[95],"(95%":[96],"interval:":[97],"11.41\u201317.99).":[98],"Conditional":[99],"biological-establishment":[100],"simulations":[101,120],"yield":[102],"Mars\u2192Earth":[105],"probability":[106],"0.2465%,":[108],"although":[109],"outcomes":[110],"remain":[111],"strongly":[112],"dependent":[113],"uncertain":[115],"survival":[116],"parameters.":[117],"Exploratory":[118],"outward-transfer":[119],"identify":[121,152],"rare":[122],"Mars\u2192Jovian-orbit":[123],"encounters":[124],"(0.07%":[125],"within":[126],"0.05":[127],"AU),":[128],"without":[129],"establishing":[130],"delivery":[131],"to":[132],"individual":[133],"moons.":[134],"A":[135],"prior-dependent":[136],"Bayesian":[137],"comparison":[138],"does":[139],"not":[140],"presently":[141],"favor":[142],"Martian":[143],"ancestry":[145],"over":[146],"independent":[147],"terrestrial":[148],"origins.":[149],"These":[150],"findings":[151],"directional":[153],"asymmetries":[154],"in":[155],"modeled":[156],"material":[157],"while":[159],"demonstrating":[160],"that":[161],"successful":[162],"dispersal":[164],"unverified.":[166],"Early":[167],"therefore":[169],"represents":[170],"testable,":[172],"rather":[173],"than":[174],"established,":[175],"source":[176],"across":[181],"the":[182],"Solar":[183],"System.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T13:44:29.811591","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
